IiOft (jTrO'J, aliguh', vTTipiiiov), the upper chamber, e. g. of a private house (1 Kings xvii, 19; Acts xx, 9). Such rooms were either over the gate (2 Sam. xix, 1) or built on the fiat roof (2 Kings xxiii, 12), and were especially used for prayer, conference, or public meet- ings. See CiiAMBEu; House; Roof.
Loftus. Dudley Field, an Irish lawyer, noted as a learned Orientalist, was bom at liathfarnham, near Dublin, in 1G18. He rose to the position of master in Chancery and a judge of the Prerogative Court, He translated the Ethiopic New Testament into Latin for Walton's Polyglot ; also published translations from the Syriac into Latin and EngUsh. He died in 1G95. See AVood, .1 then. O.ron. ; Harris's edition of Ware's Ireland; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland.
Loftus, 'William Kennett, an English archte- ologist. was born at Kye in 1820. He was a zealous traveller and discoverer, and explored the sites of sev- eral ancient cities on the Euphrates and Tigris, In 1857 he published a work entitled Travels and Re- searches in Chaldea. and Susiana ; also an account of Some Kxcavaiions at Warka, the Erech of Ximrod, and Shushav. the Palace of Esther, in 1849-52. He died in 185s. To the Biblical student Loftus's work is of spe- cial importance. See Thomas's Diet. Biog. and Mgthol. s. V.
Log (5'5, log, prob. a deep cavitg, basin ; Sept. kotu- X>/,Vulg. sextarius), the smallest liquid measure (e. g. of oil) among the Hebrews (Lev. xiv, 10, 12. 15, 21, 24), containing, according to the ra'ubins (see Carpzov. Aj)- parat. p. G85), the twelfth part of a " hin," ,or six eggs, i. e. nearly a pint. See Measurk.
Logan, David Swift, a Presbyterian minister, was born at Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1834, His literarj' ed-
ucation was commenced in the academy of Beaver, and was continued in Jeiferson College (class of 1854). In 1857 he entered the Western Theological Seminar^', and, after completing the regular theological course, was li- censed by the Presbytery of Alleghany City, and after- wards ordained as an evangelist by the Presbytery of SteubenviUe, and for two years preached in the churches of New Philadelphia and Urichville, Ohio. He next labored in the Presbyterian Church of Tiffin, Ohio, until ill health obliged his return to his home in Bridgewa- ter. Pa., where he died. Sept, 15, 18G4. Mr. Logan was endowed -with a well-balanced nature ; no single facidty was cultivated at the expense of the rest. He had method, promptness, assiduity, thoughtfulness ; he was an earnest preacher and a faithful pastor. See Wilson, Preshgterian Historical Almanac, 1865, p. 97. (J. L. S.)
Logan, John, a noted Scottish divine, was born at Fala, in the county of Edinburgh, in 1748. Though the son of a farmer, he was eaily d,estined to the cleri- cal profession, and was educated in the University of Edinburgh. Upon graduation he became tutor to Sir John Sinclair. In 1773 he was licensed as a preacher in the Established Church of Scotland, and was shortly after appointed minister at Leith, where he remained until 1785, when he removed to London, retaining by agreement a part of his clerical income, for the purpose of devoting himself altogether to literary labors. He had established quite a reputation as a sacred poet. Logan, if not a learned divine or a very profound think- er, was a man of much eloquence, and a highly pop- ular preacher. But his poetical endowments, strongly lyrical in their tendenc}-, were the highest he possessed ; and, unfortunately, he was tempted to apply these in a path where he was ill calculated to shine, and the adoption of which proved fatal not only to his profes- sional usefulness, but to his happiness. In 1783 he printed and caused to be acted in Edinburgh a tragedy called Riinnamede, which had been rehearsed at Covent Garden, but refused a license by the lord chamberlain. This publication brought on him the anger of his Pres- byterian associates; and these and other annoyances, aggravated by a hereditary tendency to hypochondria, drove him to intoxication for relief. He died in Lon- don Dec. 28, 1788. His friends, Drs. Blair, Robertson, and Hardy, published a volume of his sermons m 1790, and a second in 1791. These sermons long enjoyed very great popularity, and have been several times reprinted. They are among the most eloquent that the Scottish Church has produced. A third edition of his poems, with an account of his life, appeared in 1805; -and the poems are included in Dr. Anderson's collection. Some of his hymns are annexed to the psalmody of the Scot- tish Church. See English Cyclojncdia, s. v.
Logic. This term, derived from the Greek XiJyof, \oyiKi], has been the subject of numerous definitions. By different authors and schools it has been defined as the art of convincing, the art of thmking, the art of dis- covering truth, the right use of reason, the science and art of reasoning, the science of deductive thinking, the science of the laws of thought as thought, and the sci- ence of the laws of discursive thought. These specimen definitions indicate in some degree the diverse concep- tions of the subject which have prevailed at dilfcrent perioils and in different circles. Aristotle, whom Sir William Hamilton extravagantly calls the author and finisher of the general science under consideration, had no single name for it. He treated of its principal parts as analgtic, apodeictic, and topic. In the latter he in- cluded the dialectic of Plato and the sophistic of tlie Sophists. Notwithstanding the honor credited to Aris- totle, he himself says that Zeno the Eleatic was the in- ventor of dialectics.