The Hebraistic character is more perceptible in the hymns and speeches incorporated by him than in the narrative itself. The following are some of the chief Hebraisms that have been noticed: (1.) the very fre- quent use of tyivtTo in a new subject, especially tyn'fro iv T(^, with the accusative and infinitive, corresponding
to S ■'<T|'1, twenty-three times, not once in Matt., only twice in Mark; (2.) the same idiom, without iykvtTo, e, g. ix, 34, 36 ; x, 35 ; xi, 37 ; (3.) iykviTO wq, or wf alone of time, the Hebrew 3, e. g. ii, 15; v, 4, only once each in Matthew and Mark; (4.) 'T;//i(T7-oe, used for God— ")T'P", five times, once in Mark ; (5.) oIkoq, for family = rr^a; (6.) dTro Tov fi;»' = ilFlS^, four times, not once in the other gospels; (7.) ahda in the genitive as an epithet, e. g. oiKovofxov tiiq aCiKiag, koitijq ti]q aCiKiag ; (8.) irpoaiBiTO ni^\l/at, xx, 11,12; (9.) KapSia = 'zb.
On the other hand, we find certain classical words and phrases peculiar to Luke taking the place of others less familiar to his Gentile readers, e. g. t-Ki<7raT7]Q for pa(5fti, six times; vofiiKoi for ypai^^artlc, six times; vai, dXijSrCJc, or itt' uXjj^iiag for a/i»)v, which only oc- curs seven times to thirty in ]Matthew, and fourteen in Mark; utttiii' \vxvov for Ka'uiv X.jfoiu- times; XifxvT] of the Lake of (Jcnnesareth for BdXaaaa, five times; TTapaXtXvpevog for irapaXvriKog ; icXiviCiov for Kpdfi- jiaroQ ; <p6poQ for k7]vc!oq.
The style of Luke has many peculiarities both in con- struction and in diction; indeed, it has been calculated that the number of words used only by him exceeds the aggregate of the other three gospels. Full particulars of these are given by Credncr {Einleit.) (copied by Da- vidson, Introd. to the N. T.) and Reuss {Geschichte d. H. Schrijh). The following are some of the most note- worthy. Of peculiar constructions we may remark, (1.) the infinitive with the genitive of the article (Winer, G?: Gr. i, 340), to indicate design or result, e. g. Luke ii, 27; V, 7; xxi, 22; xxiv, 29 ; i,9; i,57; ii,21. (2.) The substantive verb with the participle instead of the finite verb, iv, 31; v, 10; vi, 12; vii, 8; xxiii, 12 (Winer, § 65- 67). (3.) The neuter participle with the article for a substantive, iv, 16; viii, 34; xxii, 22 ; xxiv, 14. (4.) TO, to substantivise a sentence or a clause, especially in indirect questions, i, 63 ; vii, 11 ; ix, 46, etc. (5.) tiTriXv TTpoQ, sixty-seven times; Xiytiv Trpoc, ten times; Xa- XeTi' Trpoc, four times, the first being used once by Mat- thew, and the others not at all by him or Mark. (6.) Participles are copiously used to give vividness to the narrative, dvaffrdg, seventeen times; arpatpdQ, seven times; wiam^, etc. (7.) dvljp used with a substantive, e. g. dixapTUjXog, V, 8 ; xix, 7 ; and 7rpo^/'/r?;e, xxiv, 19.
Of the words peculiar to, or occurring much more fre- quently in Luke, some of the most remarkable arc, the use of Kvpiog in the narrative as a synonym for 'I j/fforc, which occurs fourteen times (e. g. vii, 13 ; x, 1 ; xiii, 15, etc.), and nowhere else in the synoptical gospels save in the addition to Mark, xvi, 19, 20; cwrijp, atunipia, aojrJiptov, not found m the other gospels, except the first two once each in John; x"P'C> eight times in the Gospel, sixteen in the Acts, and only thrice in John, \a- piZofxai, xapirouj ; f ('ayytXi'so/fai, very frequent, while tvayYfXtov docs not occur at all; vTroarpicpio, twenty- one times in the Gospel, ten in the Acts, and only once in Mark; i^iGrc'ivat, not used in the other three gos- pels ; citftxiaBai, thirty-two times in Luke's Gospel and the Acts, and only twice each in Matthew, Mark, and John; 7rapo;\;pi)/(n, frequent in Luke, and only twice elsewhere, in Matthew; inrapxtti, seven times in Gos- pel, twenty-six in Acts, but nowhere in the other gos- pels, and -d VTrdpxoi'Ta, eight times in Gospel to three in Matthew alone ; uTraQ, twenty times in Gospel, six- teen in Acts, to thrice in Matthew and four times in Mark; 'IfpojurnA/;/;, instead of the 'ifpocroAiyia of the other gospels; iviinnov, twenty-two times in Gospel, fourteen times in Acts, once besides in John ; avr, twen- ty-four times in Gospel, fifty-one in Acts, and only ten times in the other gospels ; the particle -f, which hardly appears in the other gospels, is very frequent in Luke's writings. The words drtviZw, (itottoc, fSovXi), l3pe(pog, (liofiai, vttjfnc, coxij, Codx/^n], ^n/z/Soc, BifieXioi', iacrtg, Ka^6ri,Ka^dXov, /c«St5'/Ci KaKovpyog, Kopa^, Xeiog, Xv~ rpoto, XvrpiucriQ, o!K('t'Ofioc-ia-iio, —aiCtviiJ,~cii''Oj, TrXso), TrXri^oQj TrA/'/S'a;, itXiiv, Trpdacui, aiydixj, aKiprdw, rv^
LUKE
556
LUKE
^ai^ofiai, X'lP^' uKTii, Kaiwg, are almost or quite pecul- iar to him ; he is very partial to kcu civtuc; aud Kai av- Toi, II, Sk, fxr], ye, and abounds iu verbs compounded ^yith prepositions, where the other evangelists use the simple verb.
Some omissions are to be noted : aAj;.j/jc does not oc- cur once, dXrj^ti'og only once, tiiayykXiov, cicikovoq, cai- ^lovi^ofiivog, not once; Saijiovia^tig only once; and wart, which is foimd fifteen times in Matthew, and thir- teen in jMark, occurs only thrice in the whole gospel.
A few Latin words are used by Luke — aaad^iov, xii, G; (it)vd()ioc,\u,A\.; Xtytwv, viii, 30; fxoSiov, xi, 33; aovcdpiov, xix, 20 ; Acts xix, 12, but no Hebrew or Sjt- iac forms, except aiKepa, i, 15.