The Roman Catholic Church is the established re- ligion of Madeira, and until recently none other was tolerated. In 1839, Dr. Kallc}', a physician, began to disseminate Protestant doctrines, and ultimately the Scotch Church took up the work most successfully be- gan by Dr. Kalley. The spirit of persecution, so general in Romish countries, was not wanting here, and there was great opposition to Protestantism. The first missionary to the island was the Rev. W. Hewitson, who arrived there in 1845, but for a long time the opposition of the government was so severe that he was obliged to con- fine his labors mainly to Dr. Kalley's converts. So un- comfortable were natives who chose the Protestant com- munion, that in 1846 some 800 of them left for Trinidad and for the U^nited States. At present the Protestants have quite a hold on the country. Besides an English Church, there arc other places of worship, including a Presbyterian Church in connection with the Free Church of Scotland. The educational institutions comprise the Portuguese College, and Lancasterian and government schools. See White, ^fadeira, its Climate and Scen- ery; Schultze, i)/e/Hsc^ J/(7rfei/-rt (Stuttg. 1864) ; Cham- bers's Encyclop, s. v. ; Ne>vcomb, Cyclopeedia of Mis- sions, s. V.
Madhava is one of the names of the deity Vishnu (q. V.) in Hindu mythology and in Sanskrit poetry.
Madhavacharya (i. e. Madhava, the Acharya or spiritnal teacher), one of the greatest Hindu scholars and divines of the mcdia>val literature of India, is said to have been born at Panqia. a village situated on the bank of the river Tungabhadni, probably near the begin- ning of the 14th century. He was firime minister of Sangama, the son of Kampa, whose reign at Yijayana- gara commenced about 133G, and also under king Bukka I, who succeeded Harihara I about 1361. He died at the age of ninety, probably towards the close of the 14th centurj'. IMadhavachnrya is famed for his numerous and important works on Yedic, philosophical, legal, and grammatical writings of the ancient Hindus. The most important of these are his great commentaries on the Rig-, Yajur-, and Sama-veda [see Veda] ; an exposition of the 3Iimnnsa philosophy; a summary account of fif- teen religious and philosophical systems of Indian spec- ulation ; some treatises on the Vedanta philosophy : an- other on salvation ; a historj- of Sankara's (q. v.) jiolem- ics acrainst multifarious misbelievers and heretics; a
MADIABUN
628
MADNESS
commentary on Parasara's code of law; a work on de- termining time, especially in reference to the observa- tion of religious acts; and a grammatical commentary on Sanscrit radicals and their derivatives. The chief j jierformance of Madhava is doubtless the series of his great commentaries on the Yedas, for without them no conscientious scholar could attempt to penetrate the sense of those ancient Hindu works. In these com- mentaries Madhava labors to account for the grammat- ical properties of Yedic words and forms, records their traditional sense, and explains the drift of the Yedic hymns, legends, and rites. So great was Madhavachar- ya's learning and wisdom that popular superstition as- signed them a supernatural origin. He was supposed to have received them from the goddess Bhuvaneswari,the consort of Siva, who, gratified by his incessant devotions, became manifest to him in a human shape, conferred on him the gift of extraordinary knowledge, and changed his name to Vidydranya (the "Forest of Learning"), a title by which he is sometimes designated in Hindu writings. — Chambers, Cyclopcedia, s. v.
Madi'abun (['I»;(toi)] 'Hfiajiacovi' v. r. Malia- (iovv; Yulg. omits), a name interpolated in 1 Esdr. v, ;38 as that of a Levite whose " sons" assisted at the res- toration of the Temple under Zorobabel; but the Heb. list (Ezra iii, 9) has nothing resembling or correspond- ing to it.
Ma'diau (Judith ii, 20 ; Acts vii, 29). See Midian.
Madison, James, D.D., an early Episcopal prelate ill America, was born near Port Republic, Rockingham County, Ya., Aug. 27, 1749; passed A.B. in the College of William and Mary in 1772 ; was soon after admitted to the bar, which he abandoned for the ministiy ; in 1773 became professor of mathematics in his alma ma- ter; in 1775 proceeded to England for ordination, was licensed for Yirginia, but on his return resumed his du- ties as professor in his alma mater, of which he became president in 1777. He afterwards revisited England to see Cavallo and other scientific men. In 1784 he was changed to the chair of natural and moral philosophy. In 1788 he was chosen bishop of the Protestant Episco- pal Church in Yirginia, and in 1790 was consecrated in England. Under his care the College of William and Mary advanced steadily in reputation. He discharged his duties with zeal and fidelity until his death, March 6, 1812. In his theology bishop Madison was much of a rationalist, and is charged by bishop Coxe {A m. Ch. Rev. Jan. 1872, p. 35 and 46) with having given " something worse than a negative siipiiort" U< this dangerous ele- ment in the Church. He juiblished some Sermom, Ld- 1 or s, and Addresses ; also ^ Ktdnfiy on Washington (1800). See Sprague, Annals, v, 318 ; Drake, Dirt, of A m. Biog. s. V.
Madman. See Madnkss.
Madmann'nah (Hebrew Mndmannah', ni'2'1?, dumjhUI ; Sept. ;\Ia~£^(>)i'H and '^\ao|.n]vd v. r. MH\;op(7( and Bf 0 ; Yulg. McdenwiKi and Madmena), a town in the extreme south of Judah (.Tosh, xv, 31, where it is mentioned between Ziklag and Sansannah), hence in- cluded in the territory afterwards assigned to Simeon. From 1 Cliron. li, 49, it appears to have been founded or, rather, occupied by Shaaph (or perhaps by a son of his whose name it bore), the son of Caleb's concubine Maachah. Eusebius and Jerome identify it with a town of their time called Mf-no'ix (INhp'uii'f)) near the city of Gaza (Onomast. p. 89). See 1\Iai:)MEXAII. In- stead of jNIadmannah and Sansannah of Josh, xv, 31, the parallel passage (Josh. xix. 5; com)i. 1 Chron. iv, 31), enumerating the .Simeonitish cities, has Beth-jiarca- KOTii and Hazar-susim, probably the same respectively (Keil's Joshua, ad loc.\ Schwarz thinks {Paksiine, p. 101) that it was the LeviiTcal city Mandah. in which, according to the '" I'ook of Jashcr." Simeon was buried; but this locality is wholly a|iocryiihal. The first stage southward from (iaza is now d-Miiiydy (Robinson, Re- seai-ches, i, 5G3), which, in default of a better, is suggest-