MADRUZZIUS
630
MAFFIT
inferior to the similar establishments in Calcutta, and even in Bombay; one of the finest light-houses in the vorlcl ; the Scotch Church of St. Andrew, founded in 1818, a stately and beautiful edifice ; a university, with three European professors, and numerous teachers both European and native, and containing a valuable muse- um and a library ; St. George's Cathedral, from which a magnificent view of the city and its vicinity may be obtained, and containing several monuments by Chan- trey (including one of bishop Heber), and some figures by Flaxman. There are also male, military, and female orphan asylums, a medical school, a branch of the Koyal Asiatic Society, the Madras Polytechnic Institution, the Government Observatorj-, a mint, eight established Epis- copal churches, among them a cathedral, besides numer- ous places of worship of other Christian denominations, and the Madras Club, to which members of the Bengal and Bombay clubs are admitted as honorary members. See Grundemann, llissions-A tlas, No. 14 and 1 5 ; New- comb, Q/cfo/). q/' i)/M«JO?w, s. v., also under Hindostan; Wheeler, Madras in the Olden Times (Madras, 1861-G2, 8 vols. 8vo) ; Aikman, Cyclop, of Missions, p. 148, 272. See India.
Madi'uzzius, Christopher, a Roman Catholic ec- clesiastic of note, was born at Bologna in 1512, and was educated at the high-schools of Bologna and Padua. He was ambassador of Ferdinand at Bologna, and in 1539 became prince-bishop of Trent. In 1543 the bish- opric of Brixen was added to his livings. Later he be- came cardinal. He died in 1578. — Regensburg Real- Encijklopadie, vol. ix, s. x.
Madura (1), an island in the Indian Ocean, the pos- session of the Netherlands, separated from Java on the north-east by the strait of Jladura, contains about nine- ty-seven square miles, and is inhabited by 394,600 peo- ple, who adhere either to the religion of Brahma, or are of the Mohammedan faith — about evenly divided. The remains of Hindu temples, however, would lead us to the belief that Hinduism was once the prevailing relig- ion. As in Java, probably Brahraanism was crowded out by the inroads of the Slohammedans in the 14th century, when the Arabs invaded the countrv'. INIa- dura is governed by natives, tributary to the Neth- erlands, and is divided into three kingdoms. The prod- ucts of the islands, which are included in the trade-re- turns of Java (q. v.), are sugar, tobacco, indigo, cocoa- nut oil, edible birds' nests, etc. ; but, owing to the extor- tions of the princes, agriculture is not flourishing. See Chambers, Cydoprndia, s. v.
Madura (2), a maritime district in the south of British India, in the presidency of Jladras (q. v.), has an area of about 10,700 square miles, and a population of 1,790,000. Eastward from the shore runs a narrow ridge of sand and rocks, mostly dry, and which almost connects Ceylon with the continent. Cotton is the chief commercial crop; and sugar-cane, betel-nut, and tobacco are also grown. In this district the "American Board" began its labors in 1834, and now sustains a very suc- cessful mission in fourteen stations. The Eoman Cath- olics gained a strong hold here by the accommodation theory of Koberto dei Nobili in the opening of the 17th century. A vicariate, formerly a part of Pondicherry, was established for Madura in ]84(), and is in the care of the Jesuits, who recommenced labors there in 183(i. The ])rincipal town is jNIadura, on the river Vygat, with several noteworthy public buildings, and the seat of a Roman Catholic and a Protestant mission. INIadura, in fonner days, was tlie capital of a kingdom, the centre of .South Indian culture and learning. See (Jrundemann, Missions-Atlas, No, 14 and 15. See also India,
Mae'lus (^^m)\oQ v, r. 'SM\l)\oc,\\\\^.Micheltis), given (1 Esdr. ix. 2(i) as tbc name of an Israelite whose posterity returned from Babylon, in jdace of the Mia- MiN (q. V.) of the Hebrew text ( Ezra x, '2h).
Maffei, Bernard, a cardinal, and secretary of pope Paul III, was born at Bergamo in 1514, »ud died in 1553.
He wrote a commentary on Cicero's Letters, and some other works, which were highly esteemed in liis time. — Herzog, Real- EncijMopddie, viii, GGO.
Maffei, Francesco Scipione de, a noted Ital- ian scholar, known chiefly as a dramatic writer, was born at Yerona June 1, 1675; studied at the Jesuit college of Parma, there led a literary life, went to Rome in 1098, and afterwards entered the army, and distinguished himself in the war of the Spanish Succession ; resumed his liter- ary pursuits, and died Feb. 11, 1755. Aside from his merely literaiy productions, he wrote some theological works, such as Istoria teologica delle dottrine, e delle opin- ione corse ne, cinqiie primi secoli dellu chiesa in prop)osiio della divina grazia, del libera arbitrio e della predestina- zione (Tridenti, 1712; translated into Latin by the Jes- uit Frederick Eeissenberg [Francf. ad. M. 1736]) : — Gian- senismo nuovo dimonstrato nelle conscguenze il medesimo (Venet. 1732). Among his works on morals, the most important is Della scienza chiamata cavallaresca (Rom. 1720, and often), in which he condemns duelling. His De teutri antiche e moderni (Verona, 1753) is a defence of the theatre as a moral institution. His collected works were published at Venice (1790, 18 vols. 8vo). — Herzog, Reul-EncyMop. viii, 661 ; Life and Times of Falleario (Rome, 1860, 2 vols. 8vo), vol. i and ii.