ander, Christian Dogm. ii, 599 sq. ; Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, vii, 89 sq. ; Herzog, Real-Enajklop. xx, 109 sq. ; Wetzer und Welte, Kirc/ten-Lex. vi, 896 sq. ; Fried- berg, Zeitsch.f. Kirchenrecht (Tubing. 1809), viii, 09 sq. (G.M.)
Mart (~nO, sackar', Isa. xxiii, 3 ; also spoken of what is gained from traffic, j*?-q^^, wealth, "merchan- dise," Prov. iii, 14; Isa. xlv, 14), a trading-place or em- porium. The root signifies to travel about as traders, buying and selling; thus pointing out at once the gen- eral character of the commerce of the East from the earliest age to the present. See Cojuierce; Mar- ket ; Merchant.
Marteilhe, Jean, a French martyr to the Protes- tant cause, was born at Bergerac in 1084, and was con- demned in 1702 to the galleys at Dunkirk, where he spent seven years. He died in 1777. See The Hu- guenot G alley-Slave (New York, 18G7) ; Quarterly Review (July), 1866.
Martel, Andre, a Swiss Protestant theologian, was born at Montauban m 1018; studied theology at Sau- mur, and was appointed pastor of Saint-Alfrique. In 1647 he was called to IMontauban to fill the same office. In 1653 he became professor of theology in the Reformed academy of that town; he was rector there in 166(»,when he was transferred to Puylaurens. Although very re- served in all that could Avound the pretensions of the Catholic clergy, he was nevertheless involved in a suit instituted against the pastors of Puylaurens, who were accused of having received into the Church those who, once converted to Romanism, had relapsed into Protes- tantism, contrary to the royal prescriptions of April, 1663, of June, 1605, and of April, 1006. He was con- ducted with them to the prisons of Toulouse. The at- tention of the government was particularly directed to him ; it was hoped that if they succeeded in extracting from him an abjuration, liis example woidd draw a great number of his fellow-reformers, and would serve as aii excuse to those who only asked a pretext for passing over to Romanism. His moderation, moreover, induced them to believe in the possibility of success. Conse- quently they endeavored to move him sometimes by menaces, sometimes by promises. All was useless, and they finally liberated him. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the ministers of Montauban and of the neighboring churches retired to HoUand. Martel pre- ferred Switzerland, and withdrew to the canton of Berne, where he very soon obtained the direction of one of the principal churches. He died at Berne towards the close of the 17th century', about seventy years of age. Of Jlartel's productions, we have Eesjionse a la metkode de M. le cardinal de Richelieu (Rouen, 1674, 4to). This re- ply, said Cathala-Couture, indicates in the author a pro- found knowledge, and, above all, a tone of moderation and propriety far removed from the bitterness and fanat- icism which prevail ordinarily in the greater part of controversial works: — De Natura Fidei el de Gratia ef- Jicaci (^Montauban, 1653, 4to) : — inaugural thesis — a number of theses which he delivered, during his presi- dency, to the scholars of the academy of Montauban, from 1656 to 1674 : — a collection of sermons that Catha- la-Couture attributes to him, without, however, givuig their titles in detail. See Cathala-Couture, Hist, du Qiierci, vol. iii ; Haag, La France Protest. ; Bayle, Xou- velles Lettres (La Haye, 1739), p. 314, 315 ; Iloefer, Xouv. Biog. Genercde, vol. xxxiii, s. v.
Martene, Edmund, a learned French Benedictine, was born at St. Jean de Losne, in the diocese of Dijon, Dec. 22, 1 654. After completing his studies, he took the vows in the Benedictine convent of St. Rcmi, at Rheims, Sept. 8, 1672. He soon distinguished himself by his thorough acquaintance with tlie ancient ascetic writers, and was sent by the superiors of the Congregation of St.lMaur, upon whom his convent depended, to the head- quarters of the order, St. Germain des Pres, at Paris. Here he was placed under the guidance, and enjoyed
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the friendship of the great lights D'Achery and Ma- billon. He soon afterwards published his Commentarius ill rerjulam S. P. Benedicti (Paris, 1G90, 4to), which met with great success. He was well versed in monastic archaeology, and, encouraged by Mabillon, published next De Antiquis nwnachorum riiihus libri quinque (Lugd. 1(>90, 2 vols. 4to). He was then sent to the convent of Marmoutier, where he remained several years, continu- ing his studies, and imbibing the strong ascetic views of Claudius Martin, whose biography he wrote upon the death of Martin. His exaggerated praise of this mys- tic ascetist seemed to his superiors more likely to pro- voke ridicule than admiration in the age of Louis XIV, and it^ublication was forbidden. The Vie du venera- ble P. Dom Claude Martin, etc., was nevertheless pub- lished either with or without the author's consent (Tours, 1697, 8vo). He was exiled to Evreux for his insubor- ilination. He was, however, soon transferred to the con- vent of St. Ouen, at Rouen, and there assisted Dom de Sainte Martlie in his edition of the work of Gregory the Great. Here he republished the life of Martin, and added Maxinies spirituelles du venerable P. D. Claude Martin (Eouen, 1(598, 12mo). His next work, to which the above De antiquis monuchorum, etc., was but a pref- ace, is De antiquis ecclesice ritibus (Kotomagi, 1700 sq., 3 vols. 4to), and as appendix the Tractutus de anfiqua ecclesice disciplina in celebrandis officiis (Ludg. 1700, 4to). In 1700 he pubUshed also, as a complement to D'Achery's Spicileyium, his Veiermn scrij)toruni et mon- uintntorum , . . collectio nova, after Avhich he devoted himself especially to antiquarian researches, and writ- ing commentaries on the works of ancient writers. In 1708 the general chapter of his order sent him on a jour- ney through France, to visit all the libraries, and to col- lect documents for a new Gallia Christiana. Dom Ur- sinus Durand (q. v.) was given him as colleague in 1709, and after six years thus employed the result of their re- searches was published under the title Thesaurus novus Anecdotorum (Paris, 1717, 5 vols, fol.), and Voyage lit- teraire de deux relir/ieux Benedictine, etc. (Paris, 1717, 4to). In the same year he was allowed by chancellor D'Aguesseau to compile a new collection of the works of French historical writers, more complete than that of Andrew Duchesne, but was prevented from carrying out his plan by political events. He was now sent again, with his former colleague, on a literary journey, from which they returned in 1724. The result of it was the Veteru7n scriptorum et monumentorum . . . amplissima collectio (Paris, 1724-33, 9 vols. fol.). In 1734 he fell into disgrace in consequence of his opposition to the bull Unifjenitus, thereafter devoted himself exclusively to his studies, and in 1738 published a much enlarged edition of his archiijological works. He also continued Mabil- lon's Annaks ordinis S. Benedicti, tom. vi,ab anno Chris- ti 1117 ad 1157 (Paris, 1739), and prepared a continua- tion of the Acta Sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti, and an edition of the life and works of Thomas of Canterbury. He also asked permission to publish a Ilistoire de la Con- gregcttion de S.Maur, but was refused on account of its too enthusiastic praise of the monastic life. He died June 20, 1739. See Tassin, Hist. Litt. de la Congr. de S. Maur; 'Mortin, Diet. Ilistor. ; Mercure de France, Axi- gust, 1739; Le Pour et le Contre, vol. xii, n. 249; Chris- tian Observer, vol. xviii ; Dowling, Introd. to Ch. Hist. ; Herzog, Real-Encykiop. ix, 1 1 9 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Ge- nerale, xxxiii, 1003 ; Piercr, Universal-Lexikon, x, 92G. (J.N. P.)