Martin of Tkkves, a Capuchin monk, was born about 1630, in the archbishopric of Treves. He took the cowl at an early age, and a little later became a lec- tor of theology ; but in consequence of a pestilence, whose ravages broke up his school in 1666, he devoted himself to literature. A catechism issued by him was received with great favor by the public, and this suc- cess led to the publication of a great number of works for instruction and edification ; but, zealous for the glory of God and the honor of his Church, he did not confine his efforts to this field. He was indefatigable in preach- ing, in catechizing, and in missionaiy work, and during the course of his labors traversed nearlj- the whole of the archbishoprics of Mayence and Treves. His benevo- lent spirit found expression in the readiness with which he ministered to the diversified wants of the people, among whom the instruction of the xmlearned and of children claimed his especial notice. He is even cred- ited with removing thorns and stones from the high- ways, and with placing stepping-stones in streams for the convenience f)f travellers. Withal, he was a thor- ough ascetic, eating neither flesh nor fish, and travel- ling without either hat or sandals in the most inclement weather; and he attended mass as often as possible each day for more than twenty j-ears. As a teacher, he was wont to lay especial stress on the adoration of the mass and the worship of the Virgin, which doctrines he was often compelled to defend against opponents. He or- ganized a number of brotherhoods in the provinces of the Rhine, and rebuilt many churches that had been destroyed iu the Thirty-years' War. He died, after a
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brief illness, Sept. 10, 1712. His works, after being dis- regarded for a time, are again offered to the public; they mostly consist of contributions to practical relig- ion. The most important are Christian Dociiine (Co- logne, 1G6G) : — History of the Church (1693) : — Exposi- tion of the Mass (1G98) :— Legends of Saints (1705) : — An Essay on the Divine Perfections (Mayence, 1707): — Life of Christ (Mayence and Augsburg, 1708).— Wetzer u. Weite (R. C), Kirchen-Lexikon, xii, 771 sq. (G. M.)
Martin I, Pope, son of Fabricius, a distinguished citizen of the Papal States, was called to the papal chair July 5, 040, as successor to Theodore I. The emperor Constans II made every exertion to induce Martin to approve a decree he had promulgated in 659, forbidding discussions between the orthodox Romanists and the INIonothelites. Martin, on the contrary, assembled a council at Rome (the first Lateran), without the emper- or's consent, in Oct., 649, in which all heresies, and partic- ularly that of the jNIonothelites, were condemned, and the decrees of Heraclius and of Constans II denounced. (See for details the article Lateran Councils [1].) The emperor, enraged at this opposition, caused Martin to be taken prisoner, June 19, 653, and exiled him to the island of Naxos. Oa Sept. 17, 654, the pope was taken to Constantinople, and kept in prison there for six months. But he bore all his trials with great firmness, refusing to be reconciled to the heretics, and was finally transported to the Thracian Chersonesus. There, in the midst of unfeeling barbarians, he had to suffer the great- est deprivations. Yet he bore it all with Christian pa- tience, and died Sept. 16, 655. His body was after- wards removed to Rome. He is commemorated by the Church of Rome Nov. 12. Eighteen encyclical letters attributed to Martin are published in the Bihliotheca Patrum, and in Labbe's Concilia. vSee F. Pagi, Brevia- riuin, etc., coinplectans illustriora Pontijicum Romano- rum gesta concilioi-um, etc. ; Platina, Vitce Potif. Roman. ; Artaud de IMontor, Hist, cles sourerains Pontifes Ro- mnins,\'o\.\\ Bower, //tsf.Po/)fs,iii, 44 sq. ; Riddle, //<V. Papacy, i, 297 ; Baur, Dreieinigkeitslehre, vol. i and ii ; Hoefer, Nour. Biog. Generale, xxxiv, 18 ; Neander, Hist, of the Christian Religion and Church, iii, 186, 187, 188, 191 ; Hcrzog, Real-EncyMopddie, ix, 122. (J. H. W.)
Martin II (Marinus I), Pope, was born at Alonte- fiascone, in the Papal States. He was thrice sent to Constantinople (866, 868, 881) as papal legate to oppose the nomination of Photius as patriarch, but when he ■was elected pope, Dec. 23, 882, did not continue in the policy of his predecessor, John YIII, but reversed the condemnation of Photius, of bishop Formosus of Porto, and others. His reign lasted only fourteen months. He died Feb. 14, 884. See Fleury, Hist. Eccl. iii, 542 ; F, Pagi, Breriarium Pontijicum Romanorum, etc. ; Mu- ratori, A nn. Ital. ; Artaud de Montor, Hist, des souve- rains Pontifes Romains, ii, 141; Bower, Hist. Popes, v, 101 sq. ; Riddle, Hist. Papacy, ii, 32 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxxiv, 18 ; Herzog, Real-Encyklopddie, ix, 124.
Martin III (called by some Marinus II), Pope, a Roman by birtli, succeotled Stephen YIII in 942. He died only four years after, and was succeeded by Aga- petus II. Martin III was a patron of learning, and a noble Christian exemplar.
Martin IV (Simon de ki Brie), Pope, was probably a native of Touraine, France, and of humble origin. He was educated at Tours, and there entered the Franciscan order. St. Louis, king of France, favored him. and gave him a position at the church of St. jNIarlin. lu 1262 he was created cardinal by pope Urban lY, and by pope Gregory X was appointed a])ostolical legate to the French court. He contiiuiod in tliis ofHce" under the popes Hadrian Y, John XXI-^andNicholas III ; but upon the decease of the last named (Aug. 22. 1280) he was elected successor in the papiil chair in 1281, tiirough the influence of Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily and Naples. The " Sicilian Yespers" (tj. v.), in 1282, having ejected