Martien, William Stockton, a ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church, was born June 20, 1798. He was of Huguenot descent, and received an early Chris- tian education. In 1828 he commenced business, and in 1830, in connection with others, engaged in the es- tablishment of The Presbyterian, of which he continued to be the chief proprietor and publisher until 1861. In 1833 he commenced the publication of religious books, and, as a member of the Board of Publication of the Presbyterian Church, he issued many works of standard religious character. In 1.S46 he was elected and ordained ruling elder, in which office he continued to labor in the Sabbath and mission schools belonging to the congrega- tion until his death, April 16, 1861. Mr. Martien was a man of great enterprise and efficiency in the Church — faithful and conscientious in the discharge of every trust, wise in counsels, and eminently gifted in manage- ment. See Wilson, Fresh. Hist. Almanac, 1862, p. 142. (J. L. S.)
Martin (.S'^) of Bkaga, a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, was born in Pannonia about the be- ginning of the 6th century. In his youth he visited the holy places of Palestine. He afterwards went to Galicia, in Spain, where he did much to preserve or- thodoxy among the population, which inclined strongly to Arianism. He established several convents there, and was himself abbot of Dumia until about 560. At that time he was made archliishop of I5racara, now Br.aga. in Portugal. As such he took part in the second Council of Bracara, in 563, against the Priscillianists and Arians. and in 572 presided over the third council at the same place on Church discipline. He died about 583. He was a very voluminous writer. Among his ^vorks we notice Formula honesttt vita s. de diff'erentii^ quatuor rirtutuM (in the JJibl. Patr. Lugd. x, 382 sq., and (ial- landi BiU. Patr. xii, 273 sq.).' This work fras very well received. The Sententim ^Egyptiorum patrum were not translated from Greek into Latin bj- Martin, as some have supposed, but by Paschasius, deacon of the convent of Dumia, at Martin's instigation (Rosweyd, ]'it. Patr.
[Antv. 1615], p. 1002 sq. ; see also Grasse, Handbuch d. allg. Literaturgesch. ii, 127). Some Latin poems of Mar- tin are to be found in Sismondi, (9/)/;. [ed.Ven.], ii, 653, and in Gallandi Bibl. Patr.). But more important than all these is his Collectio Oiientalium Canonum, s. Capit- ula Ixxxiv collecta ex Greeds synodis et versa, etc. (in Aguirre, Cone. Hisp. ii, 327 sq., and Mansi, ix, 846 sq. ; see Florez, Esp. Sagr. iv, 151 sq.). It is a sort of trans- lated compilation of, with commentaries on, the acts of the Greek councils, adapted for the use of the Western Church. It is divided into two parts, the first contain- ing the canons concerning the clerg}'^, the second those applying to the laity. See D. Czvittingeri Specimen Hungarice literatce (Francf. and Lip. 1711) ; Schrockh, Kirchengesch. xvii, 392 sq. ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. ix, 122. (J. N. P.)
Martin of Dunin, a noted Polish Roman Catholic prelate, was born in the village of Wal, near Rawa, Prussian Poland, Nov. 11, 1774. Until his twelfth year he was kept at the Jesuit school of Rawa ; was then en- tered a student at the Gymnasium of Bromberg ; but, having determined to devote his life to the Church and her cause, he was sent to Rome, and became a student in the Collegium Germanicum in 1793. Upon the com- pletion of his studies, three years after, he was ordained subdeacon ; later, by papal dispensation, successively dea- con and priest, when he returned to his native country, which had in the meantime lost its independence, and fallen a prey to the Russians, Austrians, and Prussians. Martin himself was now a Prussian subject, but he took a position in the diocese of Cracowa, and was thus in the employ of that portion of the Roman Catholic Church of Poland under control of the Austrian govern- ment. In 1808 the archbishop of Gnesen, count Rac- zynski, called him to Gnesen, and conferred upon Mar- tin first a canonicate in the metropolitan church, and shortly after made him auditor. Thereafter honors came fast and freely. In 1815 he was made chancellor of the metropolitan chapter; in 1824 master of the Cathedral of Posen, and shortly after was intrusted by the Prus- sian government with the supervision of the Roman Catholic schools in the diocese. In 1829 he was pro- moted to the position of capitular vicar and general-ad- ministrator, and in 1831 was honored with the archie- piscopal chair of (inesen and Posen. This position came to him in an hour when great discretion and strong nerve were required of Romish prelates on Prussian ter- ritory. The discontent of the Poles in 1830, and the re- bellion in which it resulted, caused the government of Frederick William HI to look with suspicion upon the priesthooil of the papal Church. It was a notorious fact that the latter was leagued with the revolutionists. Poland had ever been a devoted daughter of Rome; Prussia decidedly Protestant, the most daring opponent of papal interests. Could it be expected that the Ro- man Catholics would hesitate to work for the restoration of Polish independence? Has not even in our day the Prussian goverinnent all it can do to control the priest- hood in that section of her territory ? See Posen. To prevent the further spread of revolutionary tendencies among the priesthood, the Prussian government inau- gurated a new policy, the execution of which resulted in a spirited contest between the representative of Rome, our Martin of Dunin. and the secular authority of the province of Posen. The difficulties commenced at the seat of the metropolitan. A school for the education of Romish priests ^vas sustained at this place by the gov- ernment. Hitherto the instructors had been chosen by the Church for whose service it was intended, but now the government insisted upon its right to choose the in- cumbents of the. ])rofessorships. The archbishop pro- tested, but the government proceeded without any re- gard to his opj5osition. Fresh fuel was added to the fiame in 1837. By the bull Magnce nobis admirationis, issued by pope Benedict XIA" (June 27, 1748), mixed marriages were made possible only by special dispensa- tion from the pope, and, when permission was grant-