secured him a large auditory, many Romanists among the iiiiinlier ; " and though they had much envying and licart-buniing about liiin, as may easily be imagined, yet they bore him pretty patiently till he came to han- dle the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. Then they be- gan to break forth into outrages, to disturb him in his lectures, to fix up malicious and scandalous schedules against him, and to challenge him to disputes ; which challenges he did not disdain to accept, but disputed first privately in the vice-chancellor's lodge, and after- wards in public, before his majesty's commissioners de- puted for that purpose. At length, however, they stirred up the seditious multitude against him so successfully that he was obliged to retire to London till the tumult was suppressed ;" and on returning again, in the year fol- lowing, he was, for his better security, made by the king canon of Christ-church. It is said that some r.ltera- tions in the Prayer-book were made at Peter Martyr's suggestions. On the accession of Mary he was obliged to leave England, and, returning to Strasburg, there resumed his former professorship. However, as he in- cliued to Calvin's views on the doctrine of the Eucha- rist, he accepted a pressing invitation extended to him by the Senate of Zurich, in 1556, to till the chair of the- ology in that miiversity. In 1561 he received letters from the queen of France, the king of Navarre, the prince of Conde, as well as from Beza and others of the leading French Protestants, requesting him to attend at the famous Colloquy of Poissy, in France. Here he dis- tinguished himself as well for his skill as for his pru- dence and moderation. He died at Zurich Nov. I'i, 1562. '• Peter Martyr is described as a man of an able, healthy, big-boned, and well- limbed body, and of a coun- tenance which expressed an inwardly grave and settled turn of mind. His parts and learning were very un- common ; as was also his skill in disputation, which made him as much admired by the Protestants as hated by the Papists. He was very sincere and indefatigable in promoting a reformation in the Church, yet his zeal was never known to get the better of his judgment. He was alwajs moderate and prudent in his outward behavior, nor even in the conflict of a dispute did he suf- fer himself to be transported into intemperate warmth or allow unguarded expressions ever to escape him. But his pains and industry were not confined to preaching and disputing against the Papists ; he wrote a great many 1 looks against them, none of which raised his reputation higher than his Defence of the Orthodox Doctrine of the Lord's /Supper \^Defe)isio Doctrince veteris et apostolicce de S. Eacharisti(B sacramento ; accessit Tractatio, et Dis- putatio habita Univ. Oxon. de eodem, 1562, foL] against bishop (iardiner. He wrote also several tracts of divin- ity, and commentaries on several books of Scripture, for all of which he was as much applauded by one party as he was condemned by the other." Tirabaschi, a zealous Roman Catholic, acknowledges that Martyr was free from the arrogance and virulence with which the Romanists are wont to charge the Reformers ; that he was deoi)ly acquainted with the Scriptures and the fa- thers, and was one of the most learned writers of the Reformed Church, He was the author of Expositio Symholi Apostolici ; De Ccend Domini Qufesfiones, a sys- tem of theology, which was first published in England by Massonius, then more fully under the title Loci com- munes, ex variis ipsius authoris scriptis (Zurich, 1580, folio ; translated into English, 1583, folio, etc.). His other works are, Inprinium librum Mosis qui vulgo Ge- nesis dicitur commentarii, Addita est initio operis vita ejusdem a Josia Simlero (Tiguri, 156!), folio) : — In Li- Irruni Judicuni commentarii, cum tractatione pierutili re- rum et locorum. Editio tertia, prioribus longe cmenda- tior (Tiguri, 1571, folio) : — In duos libros Samuclis j^'o- phet(e commentarii doctissimi, cum rerum et hcorum plu- rimorum tractatione perutilt (Tiguri, 1575, folio) : — In Epistolam S. Pauli ad Romnnos commentarii doctissimi, cum tractatione perutili rernm et locorum, qui ad cam epistolam pertinent. Cum indicibus (Basle, tertia editio,
1570, folio) : — In i. Epistolam ad Corinthios commentarii doctissimi (Tiguri, editio secunda, 1567, folio): — Com- mentani in duos libros Recjum (1599) : — Commentarii in Threnos (1629). See Simler, Oratio de vita et obitu D. Petri Martyris (Ziirich, 1662, 4to) ; Schlosser, Leben des Theodor Beza u. d. P. M. Vermigli (Heidelb, 1807) ; Le- hen der Vater u. Begriinder d. reformirten Kirche, vol. vii (Elberfeld, 1858) ; Schmidt, Vie de Pierre Martyr Ver- migli (Strasb. 1835, 8vo) ; McCrie, Hist. Reformation in Italy ; Wordsworth, Biog, vol, iii, ; Fisher, Hist. Ref, p. 336, etc. ; Biblioth. Sacra (1859), p. 445 ; Gen. Biog. Diet. s. V. ; Darling, Cyclop. Bibliog. ii, 1991 ; Hook, Ecclesiasf. Biog. vii, 245; Mosheim, Eccles. Ilist. iii, 67, 192; Her- zog, Real-EncyM. xvii, 82 sq.
Martyrdom is a term employed by Christian ec- clesiastical writers to record the suffering of death ou account of one's adherence to the faith of the Gospel. See Martyr. In times of persecution, martyrdom came to be thought so meritorious that it acquired the name of second baptism, or hajMsm in blood, because of the power and efficacy it was supposed to have in saving men by the mvisible baptism of the Spirit, in the ab- sence of the external element of water. In any case in which a catechumen was apprehended and slain for the name of Christ before he could be admitted among the faithful b}^ baptism, his martyrdom was deemed suffi- cient to answer all the purposes of the sacrament. In the writings of Prosper there is an epigram to this effect: