Mauduit, Michel, a learned French theologian, was born at Vire, Normandj', in 1G44. While still young- he entered the brotherhood of the Oratorians, Avhere for a long time he studied the classics; then he devoted himself to preaching, and instructing the country peo- ple. The study of the Bible occupied the remainder of his life. He possessed a great variety of knowledge, understood Greek well, also Plebrew and Latin, and ob- tained many prizes in the academical competitions of Rouen and Caen. He died at Paris January 19, 1709. Of Mauduit's works we have Traite de religion centre les Athees, les Deistes et les nouveaux Pij7-rhoniens (Par. 1677, 12mo) ; the 2d edition (1698) has been great- ly enlarged: — Melanges de direrses jwesies ; divises en IVUvres (Lyons; the edition of 1723, 12mo, is prefera- ble on account of the additions to it). We find in this a well-written preface on the good use of poetry : — Dis- sertation sur le siij'et de la goutte, avec le mogen de Venga- rantir (Paris, 1687, 1689, 12mo) : — Analyse des Epitres de Saint Paul et des Epitres canoniques, avec des disser- tationes sur les endroits dijficiks (Paris, 1691, 2 vols. 12mo ; reprinted in 1702) : — Analyse de VEi'angile selon Vordre historique de la Concorde (Paris, 1694, 3 vols. 12mo, et al.). This work, to which the author devoted nearly all his life, has had many editions (later editions, Malines, 1821, 7 vols. 12mo ; Paris, 1843-44, 4 vols. 8vo) : — Analyse des Actes des Ap6t?-es (Paris, 1697, 2 vols. 12mo) : — Meditations poiu- une retraite ecclesiastique de dix jours (Lyons, 1723, 12mo). lUauduit also left, in MS., Analyse de V Apocalypise and Traduction complete du JVouveau Testament. See Mercure de France, May, 1709 ; Moreri, Diet. Hist. s. v. — Hoefer, Nouvelle Biogr. Generale, s. v.
Mauermann, Franz Laur, a German Eoman Catholic prelate, was born at Neuzelle in 1780 ; entered the priesthood in 1797, and, after fiUing various posi- tions, was in 1825 made chaplain to the royal house of Saxony, and in 1827 prajses of the Roman Catholic Consistory of the kingdom. In 1842 he was made bishop of Rome and confessor of the king of Saxony. Later he became apostolic vicar. He died in Octo'uer, 1845. — Regenshurger Real-EncyklopUdie, s. v.
Maul or Mall is an old name for a hammer or mallet, and stands in the Auth. Vers, for the Ileb. y'^'Z'O (jnephits', only occurs in Prov. xxv, 18 ; but kindred is y Q^, mappets', " battle-axe," Jer. li, 20 ; both from "TfiS
or "TSS, to hrealc in pieces), a war-club, such as was an- ciently in common use, and even in the Middle Ages, the memory of which is stUl preserved in the modern mace as a sign of authority. " Probably such was that which is said to have suggested the name of Charles Martel. The mace is frequently mentioned in the ac- counts of the wars of the Europeans with Saracens, Turks, and other Orientals, and several kinds are still in use among the Bedouin Arabs of remoter parts (Burckhardt, Notes on Bedouins, i, 55). In their Euro- pean wars the Turks were notorious for the use they made of the mace (\\.\\oV^ys,Hist.ofthe TitrJcsy (Smith). Various kinds of mace were used by the ancient Egyp- tians, either with or without a ball at the end to give weight to the blow, and generally with a guard at the handle. The curved club or throw-stick, the Arabian lissdn or " tongue," is a very general Oriental weapon.
Ancient Throw-sticks : 1, Egyptian; 2, Assyrian.
Among the Australians, this implement is yet a formid- able one, called the boomerang. Unmistakable traces of its use occur on the Egyptian and Assyrian monu- ments (Wilkinson, A nc. Eg. i, 365 ; Bonomi, Nineveh, p. 134-6). See Armor.
Maulbronn, originally a Cistercian convent in the bishopric of Spiers, was foimded by bishop Gunther of Spiers, on a tract of land given him by Walther von Lomersheim in 1148, previously infested with robbers. The convent soon became verj' rich, partly through do- nations, and partly by the zeal and activity of the monks. It was at first placed under the jurisdiction of the empire, by Frederick I and other emperors, but in the 14th century was placed under that of the Palatinate. In 1504 it was concjuered by duke Ulrich of Wurtemberg, and when the Reformation commenced, it was appoint- ed by him for the monks of his province who wished to remain Roman Catholics; duke Christopher, in 1557, took this also from them, appointed an evangelical ab- bot, and established a school in it. It is yet the seat of one of the four minor theological seminaries. The re- maining portions of the building, i. e. the church, clois- ters, entrance-hall, and refectory, are considered among the finest specimens of German Gothic architecture.
The place has become renowned in the annals of Prot- estantism by its connection with two important trans- actions, the Colloquium Maulbrunnense, in 1564, and the Foimula Maulbrimnensis, in 1576.
(1.) The introduction of Calvinism into the Palatinate by duke Frederick III after 1560, and in particular the publication of the Heidelberg Catechism in 1563, pro- voked great opposition on the part of the Lutherans. The authorities, and especially duke Christopher of Wiirtemberg, Wolfgang of Psalzneuburg, and margrave Charles of Baden, vainly endeavored to heal the dissen- sion by means of a collotjuy held between the theolo- gians of the Palatinate and Wiirtemberg at jMaulbronn in 1564. The elector of the Palatinate was accompanied by his court preacher, JI. i\Iichael Diller, and the theo- logians Dr. Peter B<iquin, Caspar Olevian, Zacharias Ursinus. and Peter Uathenius ; also the church counsel- lor Thomas Erastus, chancellor Dr. Eheim, and notary Wilhelm Xylander, professor of Greek at Heidelberg. The representatives of Wurtemberg were Valentin