Icmgue Armorique les lemons Chretiennes, avec les trois clefs pour y entrcr. These and other works of this char- acter are curious in a philological point of view as mon- uments of the changes in the Breton language. A very competent judge, M. de la Villemarque, has given the following opinion : " Born in the French part of Brit- tany, father Maunoir was shocked by the rudeness of certain sounds in the Breton language. In order to soften them, he suppressed or modified certain signs necessary for preserving the primitive signification of the words, and for showing their etymology, deriva- tion, and affinities. The expressions thus disfigured, of whicli he makes use in his works, prevailed in the 18th century, and he left an orthography without fixed prin- ciples or method, an orthography ad libitum, which has very properly been abandoned, since Le Pelletier has substituted the ancient Breton orthography in his Dic- iionnaire. See Boschet, Le Parfait Missionnuire, ou la vie du P. Jtdien Maunoir (Paris, 1697, r2mo) ; Lobin'eau, Vie des Saints, etc., de Bretagne, \, 23-137 ; G. Leroux, Recueil des vertus et des miracles du P. Julien Maunoir (Quimper, 1716, 12mo) ; La Villemarque, Fssai sur VHis- toire de la Langue Bretonne, at the head of his edition of the Diet. Frangais-Breton de Le Gonidec (St. Brieuc, 1847, -Ito). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, vol. xxxiv, s.v.
Maupas du Tour, Henri Caugiion de, a French prelate, was born in 1600 at the chateau of Cosson, near Rheims. Descended from an ancient family of Cham- pagne, he had for his godfather king Henry IV, and was scarcely sixteen years of age when he was elected ab- bot of Saint-Denis of Rheims, with a regular benefice. In 1636 he founded there the society of Saint Genevieve. He next became chief vicar of the diocese of Rheims, then first cliaplain to the queen, Anne of Austria, and in 1641 was finally elected bishop of Puy, whence he was transferred in 1661 to the see of Evreux. In the fol- lowing year, being called to Rome to solicit the beatiti- catioii of Francois de Sales, he was chosen assistant pre- late to the pontifical throne. January 14, 1667, he found- ed a seminary at Evreux, resigned his bishopric in 1680, and died at "E\Teux August 12 of the same year. Of his works we have Vie de Miw. de Chantal (Paris, 1644, 4to) -.— Vie de saint Francois de Sales (Paris, 1657, 4to) : — Oraisonfiinebre de saint Vincent de Paul (Paris, 1661, 4to) -.^Statuts synodaux (E\Teux, 1664, 1665, 8vo). See Gallia Christiana, vols, ii and xi; Le Brasseur, Hist.du Diocese d' Evreux.— Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, vol. xxxiv, s. V.
Maupin, Milton, a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Church South, was born in Campbell County, Ten- nessee, Dec. 24, 1829. He was educated at Emory and Henry College, Virginia ; was licensed to preach about the year 1849 ; and was engaged for two or three years teaching school and preaching in the local relation. He went to California in 1852, and in 1853 joined the Pa- cific Conference, California. In 1856 he returned to Tennessee ; in 1859 joined the Holston Conference, and was appointed to Grayson Circuit, in Western Virginia ; in 1860 to Newport Circuit : in 1861 to Maynardsville Circuit. In 1862 lie was appointed by the Conference a missionary chaplain to a regiment in the Confederate States army; but, as the regiment was disbanded before the close of the year, he returned home, and ^vas with- out regular work until 1866, when he was appointed to Knox and IMaynardsville Circuit. In 1867 he was trans- ferred to Trinity Conference, Texas, and appointed in 1869 to Gainesville Circuit; in 1871 to Decatur Mission, where he finished his life and ministry, April 1.1871. He was faithfid to his calling while his strength lasted. " He left the aroma of a good name, and the assurance that he went to his rest:'— Minutes of the M. E. Church South, 1871.
Maiir (St.\ Congregation of. The Benedic- tines afford the only cxamiilc of a monastic order which, after declining from an originally high position, and af- ter remaining, so to speak, dead for two centuries, re-
MAUR
906
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vived anil took again a leading place in the Church by its activity and learning.
As early as the latter part of the IMiddle Ages the Order of IJenedictines had lost much of their intluence. The convents had become too wealthy, and the monks, instead of devoting themselves to study and religious exercises, were entirely given up to idleness and worldly enjoyments. This state of things continued through the "l6th centurj'. In the early part of the 17th a re- form took place in the Convent of St.Vanites, near Ver- dun, under the influence of Didier de la Cour, and it was soon imitated by the formerly renowned convents of Moyenmoutier and Senones. Clement VIII confirmed the organization of this Congregation de 8. FawJie*-, which produced some distinguished men, among them Dom Calmet and Dom Cellier. In 161-1 the assembly of the French clergy expressed the wish that all the Benedic- tine convents throughout the country should connect themselves with St.Vannes; the general chapter of the congregation, however, was afraid of the consequences which might result from such extended power. In 1618, however, Dom Benard, one of tlie monks of St. Vannes who had been employed in reforming other convents, ob- tained from Louis XIII authority to establish a congrega- tion, Avhich when organized took the name of St. Maur, for fear of awakening jealousy if it took that of any par- ticular convent. This congregation was confirmed by Gregory XV in 1621, and by Urban VIII in 1627. The first convent subjected by Benard to the nev/ regula- tions was that of the Blancs-Manteaux at Paris. Soon a number of others joined it. In 1652 they counted forty convents ; in the beginning of the 18th centurj' their luimber reached 180, divided into six provinces. The most important of all these establishments was the convent of St. Germain des Pres, near Paris. It was the residence of the general of the order, was endowed with episcopal authority, and possessed a librarv' particularly rich in ancient MSS. Its statutes, drawn up to accord with the spirit of the times, the strict morality, intellect- ual pursuits, and great learning of its members, gained universal respect for the congregation. Amid the loose- ness of morals which then prevailed among the French clergy, the Congregation of St. IMaur belongs to the few exceptions which reflect honor on the Church of Rome. According to the confession of a Eomanist writer, they are perhaps the only order in the history of convents of which this can be said. It is also to be remembered that, conscious of serving higher and universal interests, they remained entire strangers to all persecutions both of the Jesuits and the Galilean clerg}\