Among the works of writers of their order and others of the MidtUe Ages which they published, we notice the rule of St. Benedict of Aniane, Concordia regidarum, published by iMenard (1628, 4to) ; Lanfranc, by D'Ache- ry (1648, foi.), and Guibert ofNogent, by the same (1651, fol.) ; St. Benmrd, by Mabillon (1667, fol. ; 2d ed. 1690, 2 vols. -fol. ; 3d ed. 1719, 2 vols, fol.); Anselm of Canter- bury, by Gerberon (1675, fol., 2d ed. 1721) ; Gregory the Great, by Denis de Sainte-lMarthe (1705, 4 vols, folio) ; Hildebert de Mans, by Beaugendre (1708, folio). Dom Constant compiled a collection of the letters and decrees of the popes, only the first volume of which appeared (1721, folio). To aid in the use of the Biblioth. patrum maxima of Lyon, Le Nourri wrote his Apparatus (1703, fol.), which, however, does not extend further than the 4th century ; it consists of biographical, historical, and literarj' notices of the writers whose works are contained in the Bibliotheca. Finally, among their most valuable publications are those relating to the ancient transla- tions of the Bible. Such are the Hexapla of Origen, by Montfau^on (1713, 2 vols, fol.) ; the Bibloth. divina of Je- rome, by Martianay (1693, vol. i of the -ivorks of .Jerome), and the Latintt versiones antiqme, by Sabatier, BaUlard, and Vincent de la Rue (1743-49, 3 vols. fol.).
Their zeal and their liberal views coidd not fail to in- volve them in numerous and bitter controversies; yet even then they generally preserved a tone of great mod- eration, whilst their greater learning often gave them the advantage over their adversaries. Perhaps the weakest contest they ever engaged in was their defence of the claims of their fellow Benedictine abliot Gersen as the author of the Imitatio Christi, against the at- tacks of the Augustinian canon regulars [see Kejipis]. They ably defended themselves against the insinuations of De Ranee, founder of La Trappe, who accused them of worklliuess on accoimt of their studies. Mabillon
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was thus provoked to publish his renowned Traitk des etudes Monnstiques (1691, 4to, and 1092, 2 vols. 12mo ; it was translated into Latin and Italian). They also got into difficulties with the Jesuits, who accused them of Jansenism on account of their edition of St. Augustine, and otherwise attacked them in the Journal of Trevoux. During this controversy they published ver^' important essays against the bull Unigenitus. Gerberon published the Uistoire ghierale du Janseniume (1700, 3 vols. r2mo), and Le Cerf the IIisioii-e de la Constitution Uniyenitus en ce qui i-egarde la Congregation de St. Maur. The French Kevolution, in forbidding the existence of con- vents, dispersed also the Benedictines. Several of the works they had then on hand remained luicompleted. The A cademie des Inscriptions undertook to finish such as related to the history of France. The last of the Benedictines of St. Maur, Dom Brial, died a member of the French Academy in 1833. In later times an attempt was made to revive the order. La Mennais (q. v.) with some of his friends bought the abbey of Solesmes, for- merly occupied by the IJenedictines of St. RIaur. The pope made it the regular abbey of the restored Order of Benedictines Sept. 1, 1837, and Geranger (afterwards called Gueranger), a German professor, formerly a Prot- estant, Avas made superior-general of the order. Yet so far, the attempts of the new monks to rival the fame of their predecessors have proved unsuccessful ; the ultra- montanism which pervades the French clergy is not fa- vorable to profound studies. Its first work gave evi- dence of the spirit which now animates the institution : Origines catholiques, oi'igines de VEglise Romaine (Paris, 183(), 4to ; vol. i only has appeared). By his Institutions liturgiques (Paris, 184G) Gueranger helped to introduce the use of the Roman liturgy in the French dioceses, in spite of the remonstrances of the Galilean clergy. The most eminent of the new Benedictines is Pitra, yet even his works will prove of more value to the papacy than to science. In an article published in the Correspondant of 1852 he attacked the Eegesta pontificum of Jatfe, and asserted that the making of the pseudo-decretals (q. v.) affords proof that the primacy of the See of Korae was then already recognised by all. Pitra has published a Histoire de St. Leger et de VEglise de France au 7"" sie- cle (Paris, 1846) : — Etudes sur la Collection des Actes des Saints }Kir les Bollandistes (Paris, 1 850), a valuable work. Since 1852 he has been working at a Sjncilegium Soles- mense, of which three volumes have been published (Paris, royal 8vo). They do not continue the impor- tant works commenced by the old order, leaving even the series of the fathers unfinished. See Petz, Biblioth. Benedicto-mauriana (Vienna, 1710, 8vo) ; Le Cerf, Bibli- otkeque historique, etc., des Auteurs de la Cong, de St. Maur (Hague, 1726, 12mo) ; Tassin, Histoire liter, de la Congr, de St. Maur (Paris, 1726, 4to) ; Herbst, Die Ver- dienste d. Mauriner um d. Wvisenschaften (Tilhinger theol. Quartalschrift, 1833, part i, ii, iii; 1834, pt. i).— Herzog, Real-KnctjJdopddic, ix, 190 sq.
Mauraud (or Mauran), Pierre, the first leader of the Albigenses in Southern France, was born at Tou- louse, of a noted family, in the early part of the 12th century. From his youth he gave himself entirely to spreading the doctrines of the Albigenses (q. v.) throughout Languedoc. Rich and learned, preaching incessantly, travelling barefooted, sleeping on the ground, living in the midst of danger, he strongly im- pressed the southern mind, always easily excited, and in a short time made a great number of converts, whom he assembled in two of his mansions, one in the city, the other in the country. INIaurand said Imlilly "that the clergy performed their ecclesiastical duties without learning, without morals, and without cajtacity; that usury was common, ami that in many churches all was venal, the sacraments and the bcHefices; that the clerks, the priests, the canons, and even the bishops, associated publicly with abandoned women ; that if the same vices were remarked in the lunls and laity, it was owing to the general ignorance, an excuse which the clergy could