exchange New Bamberg. Hedied Jan. 30, 1729. Fran-, cis Louis, count of Neuburg, bishop of Breslau and Worms, and also arclibishop of Treves, died April 19, 1732. Under Philip Charles, of Eltz-Kempenich, Alze- nau, together with five villages, was added to the dio- cese. He died March 21, 1743, John Frederick Charles, count of Ostein, remained neutral in the Austrian War of Successit)n, and his diocese suffered severely from the French in consequence ; in 1745 the grand duke of Tus- cany succeeded in driving the French armies out of the country, but during the Seven Years' War the bishop- ric suffered again on account of its adherence to the queen of Hungary. The archbishop died Jinie 4, 1763 : he had added the bishopric of Fulda to Mayence. Em- merich Joseph, baron of Breidbach-Buresheim, was made also bishop of Worms in 1768 ; in 1769 he joined the two other ecclesiastical electors in trying to emancipate the German episcopacy from the domirrion of Rome ; by a decree of Dec. 23, 1766, he abolished a number of festi- vals, and by another of July 30, 1771, he enacted several reforms in the convents; he encouraged industry and agriculture, founded charitable institutions, and estab- lished the administration of the diocese on a regular ba- sis ; on Jan. 30, 1773, he entered into an agreement with Saxony concerning Trefurt and Midhouse, by which he surrendered the jurisdiction of Protestant districts to Saxony. He died July 11, 1774. Frederick Charles Jo- seph, of Eichthal, who became also bishop of Worms, followed in the footsteps of his predecessor, introducing many reforms in the Church ; he endowed the Univer- sity of Mayence with the convents of Karthaus, Alten- munster, and Reichenklaren in 1781, to which, in 1784, he added seventeen prebends, and also directed that the- ological studies should no longer be pursued in convents, but only in the University of Mayence. The archbish- ops had heretofore been partisans of Austria, but he sided with Prussia when Frederick the Great opposed the plans of aggrandizement of the former power towards Bavaria ; he opposed, also, the encroachments of the pa- pal nuncios. When the French Revolution broke out, Mayence was betrayed into Custine's hands, Oct. 21, 1792 ; the archbishop tied to Heiligenstadt, then took up his residence at Erfurt, and died at Aschaffenburg July 25, 1802. He was the last archbishop of jMayence. The archbishopric was secularized Feb. 20, 1803. By treaty France received the portion of the diocese on the left shore of the Rhine, and the remainder was divided be- tween Prussia, Hesse, etc., with the exception of the principalities of Aschaffenburg, Regensburg, the county of Wetzlar, and some other small portions which were given to the coadjutor of the late archbishop, Charles Theodore of Dalberg, as archchancellor, metropolitan, and primate of Germany. The see was transferred to the cathedral of Regensburg, and received jurisdiction over the whole of the former ecclesiastical provinces of JIayence, Treves, and Cologne, lying on the right shore of the Rhine, with the exception of the part belonging to Prussia, and also over the whole province of Salzburg, in Bavaria. The archbishojiric of IMayence became a simple bishopric, subject to the archbishop of Mechlin, and including only the territory of the old archbishopric on the left shore of the Rhine. The first bishop was Joseph Louis Colmar, appointed Oct. 3, 1802, who gov- erned his diocese exclusively under French inspiration. Mayence was taken by the allies May 17, 1814; Colmar died Dec. 15 of the same year. A vicar-general was then appointed. In 1829 the bishojiric of IMayence was, by a pajial decree, detached from Jlechlin and subjected to Freiburg. Joseph Vitus Burg was appointed bishop Jan. 12, 1830 ; he divided the diocese into deaneries, and died May 23, 1833. His successor, the former vicar-gen- eral, John Jacob Humann, died Aug. 19, 1834. Peter Leopold Kaiser issued complete diocesan statutes in 1837, and died Dec. 30, 1848. Leopold Schmid, pro- fessor of theology and jihilosophy at the L^niversity of (iiesscn, was appointed bishop of IMayence by pope Pius IX, Feb. 22, 1849, but he was not confirmed (see L.
MAYENCE
925
MAYER
Schmid, Ueh. d.jUngste Mainzer Bischofsioahl, Giessen, 1850) ; and William Emanuel von Ketteler was made bishop in his place, March 29, 1850. Since Ketteler's accession, the bishopric of Mayence is noted as the gath- ering-place of all Jesuit idtramontanists. How this Roman see in Germany will continue its opposition to all order of state rule, now that the Jesuits have been expelled from Germany (1873), remains to be seen. See Theoderich Gresemund, Cataloyus episcoporiwi et urchi- ejnscojmrumMoffuni. (Schunk'si>'ei7/((^eH,vol.ii) ; J.Lat- omus, Gesch. d. Bischufe v. M. (in Mencke, Scriptores re- riim G«'TO.vol. iii); ^ex\-a.mxs,,Res Moyuntiacce (in Joan- nis, Res Mogunt. Frankf. 1722, vol. i) ; Severus, Memoria pontificum Mogunt. (Slayence, 1765) ; Wiirdtwein, Dia- cesis Moguntina in archidiaconatus districia (Manh. 1769-77, 3 vols.) ; Schepfer, Codex eccles. Mogunt. nov. (Aschaf. 1803) ; D. Untergang d. Kurjurst. M. (Frankf. 1839) ; Werner, X'er Dam z. J/. (Mayence, 1827, 3 vols.) ; Pierer, Univeisal-Lexikon, x, 741 sq. ; Herzog, Real-En- cijklop. viii, 697 sq.
MAYENCE, Councils at. Of the numerous coun- cils of the Chiu-ch of Rome convened here, special notice is due to those of 813, 847-8, 1225, and 1549.
(1.) The first of these, convened June 9, 813, by order of Charlemagne, was composed of thirty bishops and twenty-five abbots ; Hildebald, archbishop of Cologne and arch-chaplain, presided. The object of this council was to restore the discipline of the Church. To this end the Gospels, the canons of the Church, and certain of the works of the fathers were read, among others the pastoral of St. Gregory ; the abbots and monks also read the letter of St. Benedict. Fifty-six canons were published. 1, 2, and 3 treat of faith, hope, and char- ity. 4. Orders the administration of holy baptism af- ter the Roman use, and restricts it to Easter and Pen- tecost, except in cases of necessity. C. Orders bishops to take care of disinherited orphans. 9. Orders canons to eat in common, and to sleep in the same dormitor3^ 11. Relates to the life of the monks. 13. To that of nuns. 22. Is directed against vagabond clerks. 23. Gives entire liberty to clerks and monks who have been forced to receive the tonsure. 28. Orders all priests at all times to wear the stole, to mark their sacerdotal character. 32. Defines the difference between the exo- mologesis and litania ; the former it states to be solely for confession of sin, the latter to implore help and mer- cy. 33. Orders the observance of the great Litany by all Christians, barefooted, with ashes. 35. Confirms the 19th canon of Gangra on fasting. 36 and 37. Relate to holidays and Sundays. 43. Forbids mass to be said by a priest alone ; for how can he say Dominus vohiscum, and other like things, when no one is present but him- self? 47. Orders godparents to instruct their godchil- dren. 52. Forbids all interments within the Church ex- cept in the case of bishops, abbots, priests, or lay persons distinguished for holiness of life. 54. Forbids marriage within the fourth degree. 55. Forbids parents to stand as sponsors for their own children, and forbids marriages between sponsors and their godchildren, and the parents of their godchOdren. 56. Declares that he who has married two sisters, and the woman who has married two brothers, or a father and son, shall be separated, and never be permitted to marry again {Cone, vii, 1239).