(1439), whose sole object was the reunion of the Greek with the Latin Church. He was highly esteemed by pope Eugenius IV, who created him cardinal of Russia in 1441. He returned to Moscow, but miserably failed in his zealous efforts of reunion. The people were so enraged against him that the grand-duke Wasilj III had to imprison him. In 1443 he escaped and fled to Rome, where he died in 1463. This persecution of Isi- dore led to a new division between Kief and IMoscow, and the Roman Catholic bishops of Lithuania in 1474 elected Michael, bishop of Smolensk, as metropolitan of Kief, and henceforth the two metropolitan sees remained intact. The northern part stood again under the me- tropolitan of Moscow, while the southern part belonged to the metropolitan of Kief. They were, moreover, di- vided in sentiment, the former favoring strict adherence to the Eastern Church, the latter leaning strongly to- wards Rome; and thus matters remained until 1620, when the Kief party abandoned the hope of union with' Rome. The seeds of dissension, however, took root in the Russian Church, and the fruits were manifest in the following century, finally resulting in the establish- ment of the independent metropolitanate. See Strahl, Russ. Kirchencjesch. vol. ii; Neale, Tntrocl. Hist. Holy East. Ch. i, 55 sq., 283 sq. ; Stanley, Lect. on the East. Ch. p. 435 sq. Compare Russian Church. (J. H.W.)
Mosellanus, Peter, an eminent German scholar of the time of the Reformation, was born in the little village of Proteg, on the IMoselle, in 1493. His family name was Schade, but after the literary fashion of the age he changed it to Mosellanus. His parents were honest and pious, and in easy circumstances. He was educated at Cologne, and distinguished himself by un- common precocity of mind, and graduated as master of arts in 1514. In the following year he began to lect- ure at Freiberg, and published several learned works. He took rank at once among the very first Greek and Latin scholars of the age, and in 1517, after the death of Richard Crocius, was called to Leipsic as professor of Greek and Latin literature. The year follo;ving he ap- plied to Luther and Spalatin for the then vacant profess- orship of Greek at the Wittenberg University, but Me- lancthon was chosen in preference to him, and Mosel- lanus remained at Leipsic. With the study of Greek and Roman literature he combined a careful and rever- ent study of the Bible in the original. This, in con- nection with the influence of his friends, Luther, Came- rarius, Melancthon, Hessus, and others, predisposed him favorably to the great movement of the Reformation. He was decidedly the most popular teacher of the uni- versit}', and attracted students from every direction, and was twice chosen rector. At the personal request of prince George, he opened the Leipsic Disputation (1519) between Eck and Luther with a most excellent address — " Oratio de ratione disjnitandi, pj-wsertim in re theolof/ica." With the leaders of the Reformation he remained ever after in constant communication, and was greatly beloved by them for his scholarship and suavity of manners. Luther called him an Erasmian, because of his close application to classical studies notwithstand- ing the excitement of the time in which he flourished. These labors of Mosellanus in behalf of the revival of classical literature in Europe were arduous and extreme- ly important, and a full list of his philological works may be found in Vitce Germanoruni j)hilosophorum a Melchiore Adamo (Francf. 1705), p. 26 sq. He died, while j'et scarcely more than a youth in age though hoary with learning, Feb. 17, 1524. See Hallam, Introd. to the Literature of Europe, i, 188; De Wette, Luther's Briefe, ii, 542; Viti Lud. A . SechendorfCommentarius Ms- foricus et apologet, de iMtheranismo (Leips. 1G94, 1696) ; Loscher, Vollstandif/e Reformations-acta et Documenta (Leips. 1729), iii, 567 sq. — Herzog, Real-EncyUop. xx, 186 sq.
Moser, Justits, a great German statesman and author, whose writings have had much moral influence
MOSER 6
upon the general public mind, was born in Osnabruck Dec. 14, 1720. In 1740 he entered the university tt .Jena, and there and at Giitlingen studied jurisprudence. In 1740 he became an attorney, and was soon noted for liis ability and inte;^rity. He resisted the arbitrary ar- rogance of the vicegerent of Osnabruck, in consequence of which the citizens elected him udvocatus patrice. For twenty years during the minority of the duke Fred- crick of York, who came into possession of Osnabruck in 17G3, he was the principal adviser of the regent, and enjoyed the full confidence of (jeorge III, king of Eng- land. From 17G2 to 17G8 he officiated as a magistrate in the criminal court, and afterwards until his death as one of the superior officers of justice. His services were as disinterested as they were imiwrtant. "I en- joyed," he once said, "many things; was sorrowful about a few ; defamed by none." lie enjoyed excel- lent health, and died quietly, with hardly a struggle, Jan. 8, 1704.