MOTZER
699
MOULDING
Motzer, Daniel, a Presbyterian minister, was born ill Ferry County, Pa., Aug. 16, 1817. He graduated at Jefferson College, Pa. ; studied theology in the Western Seminary, Alleghany, Pa.; was licensed by Carlisle Pres- bytery in 1848, and in 1849 was ordained and installed pastor of the church at Cold Spring, N. J, He subse- quently served the churches of Madison and Adams's Mill, Muskingum County, Ohio, and near Warrenton, Fauquier County, Va., and lastly the NealsviUe and Darnestown churches, in Montgomery County, j\ld. He died Nov. 1, 1864. Mr. Motzer was a scriptural and ed- ifying preacher, an untiring and affectionate pastor, and a kind and true friend. He felt a deep interest in the mental and religious training of the young, and the in- terests of the parochial school were very dear to his heart. See Wilson, Presb. Hist. A liiianac, 1866, p. 131. (J. L. S.)
Moulding, a general term applied to all the varie- ties of outline or contour given to the angles of the various subordinate parts and features of buildings, whether projections or cavities, such as cornices, capi- tals, bases, door and window jambs and heads, etc. The regular mouldings of Classical architecture are, the Fil- let, or list ; the Astragal, or bead; the Cyma reversa, or ogee ; the Cyma recta, or cyma ; the Cavetto ; tlie Ovo- lo; the Scotia, or trochilus; and the Torus: each of these admits of some variety of form, and there is con- siderable difference in the manner of working them be- tween the Greeks and Ilomans. (See those terms.) Tlie mouldings in classical architecture are frequently- enriched by being cut into leaves, eggs, and tongues, or other ornaments, and sometimes the larger members have running patterns of honeysuckle or other foliage carved on them in low relief; the upper moukling of cornices is occasionally ornamented with a series of pro- jecting lions' heads.
In mediaeval architecture the diversities in the pro- portions and arrangements of the mouldings are very great, and it is scarceh"- possible to do more than point out a few of the leading and most characteristic varieties.
In the Norman stjde the plain mouldings consist al-
Pete
Peterborough Cathedral.
most entirely of rounds and hollows, variously com- bined, with an admixture of splays, and a few fillets. The rich mouldings, however, are very various, one of the most marked being the constant recurrence of mouldings broken into zigzag lines, and forming what is called the Zigzag or Chevron moulding: it has not been very clearly ascertained at what period this kind of decoration was first introduced, but it was certainh^ not tin some cwisiderable time after the commencement of the style ; when once adopted, it became more com- mon than any other ornament. A series of grotesque heads placed in a hollow moulding, called Beak-heads, with their tongues or beaks lapping over a large bead or torus, was also verv common. The Hatch moulding
is also not uncommon, and is founxl early in the style, as it can be cut convenientlj' without the aid of a ehisel, with the pick only. The other favorite moiddings of the Norman style are the Billet mouldings, both square and round, the Lozenge, the Nail-head, the Pelkt, the Chain, the Cable, and the Rose, of aU which illustrations are here given. There may also be mentioned the Star,
Square Lilitt.—i^l. Augustine's, Canterbury.
Hound nnict.—BinhAm Priory, Jsorlolk.
^ail-head. — lily Cathedral.
Tit
Pdlet-m\L^ Oxf
Westminster Hall, A.D. 1097
Roai^. — Iffley Church, Oxtbrdsliire.
the Billeted Cable, the Nehiile, the Studded, the Indented, the Scalloped, the Fir-cone, the Double Cone, the Dove- tail, the Fmbattled, the Open Heart, and the Antique.
In the Early English style the jilain mouldings be- come lighter, and are more boklly cut than in the Nor- man; the varieties are not very great, and in arches, jambs of doors, windows, etc., they are very commonly so arranged that if they are circumscribed by a line drawn to touch the most prominent points of their contour it will be found to form a succession of rec-
MOULDING
700
MOULIJT
Salisbury Cathedral.
tangular recesses. They gener- ally consist of alternate rounds and hollows, the latter verj- deep- ly cut, and a few small lillets; sometimes also splays are used: there is considerable inequality in the sizes of the round mould- ings, and the larger ones are very usually placed at such a distance apart as to admit of several smaller between them ; these large rounds have frequently one or more narrow fillets worked on them, or are brought to a shaqj edge in tlie middle, the smaller rounds arc often undercut, with a do< cavity on one side (e e), ai the round and hollow members constantly unite Avith each otlier without any parting fil- let or angle. The ornamental mouldings in this style are not numerous, and they are almost invariably placed in the hollow most characteristic is that which is known by the name of J)()f/-to(jth. ornament, which usually consists of four small plain leaves united so as to form a pyramid ; these ornaments are commonly placed close together, and sev- eral series of them are fretjuently introduced in the same suite of mouldings; the other enrichments consist chief- ly of single leaves and flowers, or of running patterns of the foliage peculiar to the style.