Munkhouse, Piciiard, D.D., an English divine of some note, llourished near the opening of this centu- ry. He was vicar of Waketield, and died about 1811. He was noted as a pulpit orator, but his sermons, of which several series have been published (Lond. 1799, 8vo; 1802, 8vo; Twentij-sLv Occns. Discourses, 1805, 3 vols. 8vo; 1808,3 vols. 8 vo; 1813, 8vo), indicate that he was not a powerful speaker, but an able writer and a good Biblical scholar. See London Monthly Review, Ivi, 233 ; jVllibonc, iJict. of Brit, and Amer. Authors, s. v.
Munoz, SlgidiuB, Anti-pope, was bom at the be- ginning of the 14tli century. In conse(iuence of the elocti<in of pope Martin V by the Council of Constance, the Church had again a chief, but notwithstanding Peter de Luna continuetl to play at the castle of Pen- iscdla the part of pope. He only counted, however, a small circle i>f ailherents. When Peter de Luna died in 1424, J'.giilius Munoz was elected anti-pope under the name of (lenient VIII, and he continued in his oHice till .luly 26, 1429, when he resigned. In return fi)r his resignation, the bishopric of Majorca was given to him. See Clement VIII ; Maktin V.
Muiioz, Juan Baptista, a Spanish historian and philosophical writer, was born in 1745 at JIuleros, near Valencia. He was appointed professor of philosophy at tlie university, and disestablished Aristotelian pliiloso- phy, which had hitherto reigned supreme in Spain. Later he became cosmographer of the Indies, and un- dertook by order of the king a history of .\merica, of which he lived to publish oidy one volume. He died in 1799. His works of interest to the theological stu- dent are, i'e recto Philosophia recenlis in Theoloijia Usu DUsertatio: — De Scriptorum Gentilium Lectione: — In- stilutivnes Philosophicve.
Munro, Jofi.v, a Scotch minister, who did much to advance in the '• Far North" the interests of the Free Church of Scotland, was born in Koss-shire, about 1768, of humble but honorable parentage. John's father died while he was yet a lad, and the care of a large liouse- hold was his early prospect. His mother, a pious woman, was anxious that John should follow his father's footsteps in all Christian work, and therefore devoted much of her time to his religious training. His secular educational advantages were few, and he was early obliged to learu a trade for his own and his family's support. When working as a journeyman carpenter he conceived the plan of entering the work of the holy ministry, and while residing at Aberdeen he spent his evenings in study, ac- quiring especially some knowledge of the languages. He Hnally entered the university, and after going through a course in literature and divinitj' was licensed to preach. In 1806 lie went to Caithness to take charge of the Ach- reny mission, at that time including the three preach- ing stations of Achreny, Halsary, and Halladale, and ex- tending over about twenty miles of hill country destitute of roads. He had labored here for ten years with great success when he was called to the Edinburgh Gaelic chapel, and, accepting the place, he occupied it imtil 1825, when he was presented to the parish church of Halkirk, and there he distinguished himself by great devotion to his people and close application to pulpit preparation, so that his sermons attracted all classes of society, even the most cultured, notwithstanding tlie de- ficiencies in his own culture for want of early advanta- ges. Said one of his contemporaries: "His ministra- tions were highly acceptable to his hearers. They could not fail to recognise in them the instructions and exhor- tations of a man of God, who knew and felt the truth and loved their souls. He evidently spoke from the heart — spoke what he believed — what his own soul was full of, and was daily feeding on with dehght." He died April 1, 1847, at Thurso, while in attendance on a meeting of the Presbytery of Caithness, to which he be- longed. " Munro in personal appearance was not above the middle height, but of portly figure, and fair com- plexioned, his countenance beaming with benevolence. That his mental power — although not his predominant feature — was uncommon was evident from the position, weight, and influence he attained in the ministerial of- fice." See Auld, Mini«ters and Men oj' the Far North (1868), p. 74-99. (J.II.W.)
Miinscher, Wm.iielm, an eminent (Jcrman theolo- gian, was born at llcrsfeld JIarch 11, 17G6, where his father was metropolitan and first preacher. After study- ing in the gymnasium of his native city, he coiuinued his studies at Marburg. In 1785 he became his father's assistant, and in 1789 succeeded him as preacher at Hcrsfeld. In 1792 he was appointed professor of theol- ogy at Marburg, and member of the consistory, which positions he held for the remainder of his life. He died July 28, 1814. Dr. ^Miinscher was classed by his coun- trymen with ^lichaelis, Diiderlein, Planck, and others who stood on middle ground between tlie ancient, pure Lutheranism anil the modern neology of tiermany. He wrote, llamlbuch der chrisllich. Doi/immieschichtc { 1797, 4 vols.), which went through three editions, and was rei)ublished under the editorship of Ciilii and Neu- dccker iu 1832-38, at Cassel:— Lthrbuch der chrisllichen
MUNSEY.
735
MUNSTER
KircJienr/esch. (Marburg, 1804): — Ahriss det- Dogmen- yeschichte (1811, and often since; published also in this country in an English dress [New Haven, 1830]) : — also numerous historical articles in Henke's Magazin, Stiiud- lin's Beit rage, and Gabler's Journal: — Predigten (Marb. 1803) •.—Politische Predigten (Marb. 1813). MUnscher's great work {Dogmengeschichte) is thus spoken of by C. F. L. Simon, in his Continuation of Nosselt's Guide to the Literature of Theology (§ 299) : " The author has happily combined the chronological order with that of the relations of things ; and the whole work is distin- guished alike for the persevering, learned, and criti- cal industry manifested in collecting the materials, and for the solidity and independence of judgment with which they are methodically arranged and agreeably expressed." He adds, " The same commendation is due to the author's Elements of Dogmatic History" Brett- schneidcr, in his Entzcickelung der Dogmatik (p. 99, 2d ed.), says of the Manual, " It is to be regarded as the best work on the subject." See Wachler, Ueb. Dr. Wil- helm Miinscher (Frankf. 1814) ; Christian Examiner and General Revieio, 1830 (iv) , p. 182. (J. H. W.)