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Mummy Cases and Marble Sarcophagi.
MUMMY
131
MUNDA COR MEUM
and whitish, like dirtj' parchment. The bandaging, to which all the Egyptian mummies were subjected, was one of the most remarkable parts of the process. Their envelopes are composed of numerous linen bands, each several feet long, applied one over the other fifteen or twenty times, and surrounding first each limb and then the whole body. They are applied and interlaced so accurately that one might suppose they were intended to restore to the dry, shrivelled body its original form and size. The only difference in the bandages of the different kinds of mummies is in their greater or less fineness of texture ; they are applied on all in nearly the same manner. All the bandages and wrajjpings which have been examined with the microscope are of linen. The body is first covered by a narrow dress, laced at the back an<l tied at the throat, or it is all en- veloped in one large bandage. The heail is covered by a square piece of very fine linen, of which the centre forms a kind of mask over the features. Five or six such pieces are sometimes put one over the other, and the last is usually painted or gilded in representation of the embalmed person. Every part of the body is then separately enveloped with several bandages impregnat- ed with resin. The legs, extended side by side, and the arms, crossed over the chest, are fixed by other band- ages which surround the whole body; and these last, which are commonly covered with hieroglyphics, are fixed by long, crossing, and very ingeniously applied bands, which complete the envelope. Most of the bod- ies are placed in this state in the catacombs; those of the rich only are enclosed in cases. The cases are usu- ally double, the interior being composed of boards made of several portions of linen glued together, and the ex- terior cut from a piece of cedar or sycamore wood. See Embalming.
The body, after being embalmed, was thus completely swathed with strips of linen (some think cotton) cloth, of various lengths and breadths, and was then enclosed in an envelope of coarse, or sometimes of fine, cloth. In Mr. Davidson's mummy, the weight of the bandages, including the outer sheet, was 29 lbs., and their total length 292 yards ; and in another, Mr. Pettigrew's, the cloth weighed 35| lbs. ; and the one examined at Leeds was in no part covered with less tlian forty thicknesses of the cloth. The mummy as prepared presents the appearance of a large mass of cloth, somewhat resem- bling the general outline of the human figure. The mummy was thus prepared by the embalmers, and in this state consigned to the coffin-makers, who, in the first instance, enclosed it in a case of a strong but flex- ible kind of board, somewhat like papier-mache, made by gumming well together several layers of hempen or linen cloth. This was formed into the shape of the swathed mummy, which was inserted into it by means of a longitudinal slit on the under side, reaching from the feet to the head, and stitched up after the inser- tion of the mummy. This case is, in most instances, lined, and covered with a thin coating of plaster, with the representation of a human face on the upper part. This was then introduced into a coffin of sycamore wood, made sometimes out of one piece of wood, and either plain or ornamented within and witliout with represen- tations of sacred animals or mythological subjects. Be- sides this there is often yet another wooden coffin, still more highly ornamented, and covered with paintings secured by a strong varnish. The upper part of both these cases is made to represent a human figure, and the sex is clearly denoted by the character of the head- dress, and by the presence or absence of the beard. The last covering of all was a sarcophagus of stone, which, from its heavy additional expense, could only, it may be supposed, be used for kings and wealthy people. These stone coffins consist of two parts — a case to contain the body, formed of one piece of stone, open at the top, and a lid to fit the opening. Some of them are compara- tively plain, while others — of which there are examples in tlie British Museum, and one, of alabaster, in the
museum of Sir John Soane — are elaborately sculptured with hieroglyphics and figures of men and animals, forming not the least astonishing monuments wliich we possess of Egyptian industry and art. See Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, ii, 393 sq. ; Hardwick, Christ and other Masters, ii, 297 ; Blackwood's Magazine, 1870, ii, 229 sq., 317 sq. See Coffin; Mechanic.
Mumpelgart, COLLOQUY OF. A conference between Beza and Andrea, with a view to bring about the union of the Lutheran and Reformed churches, but which loses much of its importance from the fact that the two theologians acted here of their own accord, and not as representatives of their respective churches. The occasion of it was the incorporation of the territory of jMumpelgart into the duchy of Wiirtemberg by inher- itance. Farel had preached the Gospel there as early as 1526, but had been driven away. In 1535 duke George of Wiirtemberg had caused the Reformation to be introduced into Mumpelgart by Tossanus, a French minister. The Wiirtemberg authorities afterwards sought to introduce the Lutheran form of worship. But when, in conseimence of persecution, many French Cal- vinists sought a refuge at ilumpelgart, they found great difficulty in being allowed to take part in the Lord's Supper, and in order to put an end to this state of things demanded a colloquy. Neither of the two theologians appointed entertained much hope of the re- sult. Beza had been forewarned that all such attempts had heretofore served only to embitter the strife, yet he did not consider himself free to reject the application of the exiles, while Andrea felt the less opposed to take part in a discussion presided over by a Lutheran prince. On the Lutheran side appeared Andrea and Lucas Osi- ander, assisted by the two political counsellors, Hans Wolf von Anweil and Frederich Schlitz ; on the part of the Reformed, Beza, Abraham Musculus (pastor at Berne), Anton Fajus (deacon at Geneva), Peter Hybner (prof"ssor of the Greek language at Berne), Claudius Alberius (professor of philosophy at Lausanne), and the two counsellors, Samuel Meyer, of Berne, and Anton Marisius, of Geneva. The colloquy took place at the castle of Mumpelgart, March 21-26, 1586. Beza did not succeed in arranging that a protocol of the discussion should be drawn uj), and the accounts of the proceedings led subsequently to a lengthy controversy. The points of the controversy were: 1, the Lord's Supper; 2, the person of Christ; 3, images and ceremonies; 4. bap- tism; 5, election. Beza, who had only intended to ar- gue on the first point, was, in spite of all his efforts, obliged to discuss them all to the last, on which, as he had foreseen, the possibility of a compromise was still less than on the others. He declared himself ready to yield on all these points if he could be shown by Script- ure to be in the wrong. Andrea, it is said, declared from the first — like Luther at Marburg — that he would yield nothing, and that the pure doctrine was forever established by the Confession of Augsburg. Both par- ties afterwards gave different versions of the colloquy. The Lutherans published the Acta Colluquii Montishel- Ugartensis (Tubingen, 1687), and also a German trans- lation of it, and an Epitome colloquii in 1588. Beza defended himself in the Jiesponsio ad acta coll. M. (Ge- neva, 1587 and 1588; German, Heidelberg, 1588), etc. At this colloquy both parties gave each other their doc- trines and principles in writing. See Schweizer, Gesch. der reformirten Centraldogmen, i, 402 sq., 501 sq. ; Her- zog, Real-EncyUopddie, x, 89. (J. N. P.)