Neugard, Tiudi'i-ht, a German Roman Catholic theologian, was born atVillingen, in Baden-Baden. Jan- nary J;!, 1742; studied with the Benedictines, who have a monastery at that place, and joined that order in 1759. In 1705 he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1707 was made teacher of the Oriental languages and her- meneutics at the theological school in Freiburg. Four years later he was recalled to his monastery, and was given the care of the younger brethren of his order. In 1807. after the secularization of this convent, Neugard went to Austria and lived in monastic retirement. He died about 1815. He left in MS. some historical and ascetical writings. He compiled a history of several
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•with' an ophthalmic complaint, at one time almost amounting to deprivation of sight, but he partially re- covered from it. See ¥etis,'jBiofffaphie Univeiselle des Musiciens, s. v. ; English Cyclop, s. v. ; Esquisse biogra- phique de Sigismoml Neukomm par lui meme, in La Muitrise (Paris, 1859).
Neumau, Johann Georg, a German theolo- gian, was born in 1C61 at Hertz, near Merseburg. lie was educated at the University of Wittenberg, and be- came in 1G90 professor of poesy and librarian in his alma mater, and in 1G92 obtained a theologian's chair; he was called later to the dignity of provost of the court chapel. His death occurred in 1709. Neuraan was one of the principal adversaries of Spener. He wrote more than a hundred and twenty dissertations upon theological, historical, and literary subjects, most of which are collected in his Priinitim dissertationum (Wittenberg, 1700, 1707, and 1710, 8vo), and in his Programmata academica (ibid. 1707 and 1722, 4to). He also published tlie biD-raphics of several theolo- gians; among them lluniiius. llutter, Runge, etc. See Schonbach, Vita Keunutnhi (17 IG, 8vo) ; Kaufft, Lehen der chur-sachsischen Theologen, vol. ii; Faber, Nack- richtenvon dei- Schloss-Kirche zu Wittenberg; Gass, Dog- mengescli. iii, 57 ; Erdmann, Biographien der Probste zu Wittenberg,
Neuman, John Nepomaceee, D.D., a Roman Catholic prelate, was born in Bohemia, March 28, 1811, and came to this country upon the completion of his uni- versity course at the high school in Prague. He took holy orders at New York in 183G, and subsequently en- tered the Order of the Most Holy Redeemer. After filling several appointments as priest, he was consecrated bishop of Philadelphia March 28, 1852, and he hekl that episcopal see until his decease, Jan. 5, 18G0. Bishop Neuman was generally esteemed and much beloved by his people. He was a man of more than ordinary ability.
Neumann, Carl Friediich, a distinguished German Orientalist, ethnographer, and historian, was born, of Jewish parents, Dec. 22, 1798, at Reichmanns- dorf, near Bamberg. Without any means, but by hard study and diligence, he was enabled in the year 1817 to go to Heidelberg to attend the lectures there. In 1818 he joined the Christian Church, taking instead of his former name, Bamberger, that of Neumann, under which he became known to the literary world. Upon the completion of his studies at Heidelberg and Munich, he was appointed in 1821 as professor at the Gymnasium of Speier, but on account of his liberal views he had to give up his position in 1825. He next went to Venice, where he studied the Armenian language with the Me- chitarists in the monastery cf St. Lazarus ; he then con- tinued his Oriental studies at Paris and London ; and in 1830 went to India and China, with a view to becoming thoroughly acquainted with the Chinese language and literature. He there collected a library of about 12,000 volumes, chiefly on Chinese literature ; and after his re- turn he was appointed, in 1833, professor at Mimich, where he lectured on the Chinese and Armenian lan- guages and literature, on ethnography, universal and German history, until the year 1852, wlien he was dis- charged on account of his liberal religious and political views. He settled at Berlin in 18G3, and there he re- mained until his death, which occurred March 17, 1870. He was a close student of political and philosophical phases in history, and was greatly devoted to republican institutions. The American government he admired, and warmly met every American who had occasion to see him. He freely mingled in foreign society at Ber- lin, and was much sought after by all literature-loving strangers in the German capital. He wrote, Memoirs sur la vie et les outrages de I)avid,philoso])he Armenien (Paris, 1829) -.—Catechism of the Shamans (from the Chinese, 1831) : — Pilgerfahrten buddhistischer Priester cms China nach Indien (Leipsic, 1833) : — Lehrsaal des
Mittelreichs (Munich, 183G) :— Ferswc^ einer Geschichfe der armenischen Literatur (Leipsic, 1836) : — Transla- tions from the Chinese and Armenian, with Notes and Illustrations (London, 1839) :— Geschichfe des englischen Reiches in Asien (Leipsic, 1857, 2 vols.) i—Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (Berlin, 18G3-18G6, 3 vols.), besides a number of essays, which -were juib- lished in the Zeitschrift of the German Oriental Society (i, 91-128, 217-237; iv, 33^3, 225-243; vii, 141^155; xviii, 294). A translation of his Iloei Schein, or the Discovery of America by Buddhist Monks in the bth Century, was published at London in 1874. See Kalkar, Israel u. die Kirche (Hamburg, 1869), p. 128; Liter a- rischer Ilandweiser, 1870, p. 487 sq.; Kurz, Gesch. d. deutschen Literatur, iv, 867, 925; For. Quar. Rev. xxi, 120,255. (J.H.W.)