Neumann, Caspar, a German theologian, noted as a Hebraist, was born at Breslau, in Silesia, Sept. 14, 1648. After graduating at the Gymnasium of St. Mag- dalen, he went in 1667 to Jena to study theology. Tlirec years later he published his dissertation on the Roman Catholic Church {Dissertatio de Ecclesia Caiholica), and the university conferred on him the title of " magister." He soon commenced lecturing on Church history, and his lectures were attended by a great many students. At the recommendation df the divinos of Jena, duke Er- nest the Pious, of Gotlia, niiiioiiited liim as the fellow- traveller of his son, prince Christian, with whom Neu- mann went through Germany, Switzerland, Southern France, Savoy, and Upper Italy. In 1678 he was ap- pointed by the successor of the duke court-preacher in Altenburg. A year later the authorities of his native place appointed him to the diaconate of St. Mary Mag- dalen, and in 1689 as pastor of the same church and as- sessor of the consistory. In 1697 he became superin- tendent of the evangelical churches and schools, pastor of St. Elizabeth, and tirst professor of theology at the gymnasia. He died Jan. 27, 1715. Besides devotional works, he wrote ninbin 'd. Genesis lingum sanctce Vet. Test. (Norimb. 1696) : — Exodus linguce sanctce e capti- vitate Babylon, tentatus in Lexico efymologico Htbrceo- biblico (ibid. 1697-1700) :—'^nynia 'nr}t;-C, Jamia ad significationem hieroglyphicam littera.rum Ebraicarum, etc. pt. iii (Breslau, 1712) : — De punctis vocalibus (ibid, 1715). Possessed of great learning, he was likewise a ver}^ pious and saintly man, full of love for humanity. He is also the author of thirty-nine hymns, which are yet to be found in many hymn-books. The best known is his Ilerr, aiif Erden muss ich leiden (English transla- tion in Choral-book for England, No. GO, " Lord, on earth I dwell sad-hearted"). See Tacken, Life of M. Ca/p. Neumann (Breslau and Leipsic, 1741); Koch, Gcttch. d. deutschen Kirrhodii d< a. v. -I'lG scj. ; Jcicbcr, Gekhrten- /-f.WXw?, iii, 881 : siipph iiniit liy Rollt rnuind, v, 563; Knapp, ErangdisclK r Li<<lu:<rli<it:..]\.\;y,y.). s. v. ; Fiirst, Bibiioth. Judaica, iii, 30; Steinschneider, Bihliogr. Handbuch, p. 10] ; Bleek, Einleitimg. in das A. Test. p. 132; Keil, Introduction to the Old Testament, ii, 175. (B. P.)
Neumann, Joachim, a noted German educator and Hebraist, was born at Brody, in Austrian Poland, in the year 1778 or 1779, of Jewish parentage. Up to his thirteenth year he received his education in the house of his father, which he then left for Posen, where he was enabled to satisfy his thirst for knowledge. Towards the end of the last centurj' he obtained an appointment as teacher in a celebrated Jewish school at Dessau, where he remained until the year 1807. During his residence there he took part with three other learned Jews in pub- lishing a German translation of the twelve minor proph- ets, which was accompanied by a Hebrew commentarj'. At that time a great change had taken place among the Jews living in different parts of Prussia with regard to their social position. About the year 1790 the king of Prussia granted the Jews who had obtained permission
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to live in Breslau an exemption from the taxes which had formerly been imposed on them when obtaining such permission, on the condition that they should estab- lish a scliool for the poor cliildron of their community. This led to the founding of William School in ITltl, and in 1807 Neumann was invited to become the head master and inspector of that school. Tor about nine- teen years he had charge of that institution, i.e. from 1807 to 1826. During his connection with this school Neumann had been on terms of the most intimate friend- ship with professors Steffens and Scheibel,wlio were the means of bringing him to the knowledge of the truth as it is in Christ. Satisfied of the necessity of accepting Christ as the Messiah, he was baptized on April 16, 1«2C>, together with his wife and three sons, in the parish church of St. Elizabeth, by professor Scheibel, iiaving as one of the sponsors professor Braniss, of thb University of Breslau, his brother-in-law. Neumann was now engaged as a teacher of Hebrew in the uni- versity, in which, besides professor Braniss, professor risclior, professor of chemistry — another brother-in-law of his— were distinguishing themselves. Neumann died siiddcMily. March 3, 1865. His second son is now pro- fessor of niedicinc in the University of Breslau. Neu- mann wrote, besides his Commentary on Amos, Nahum, lIiKjijai, Zvcliariah, and Malac/ii, which was published at Dessau in 1805, under the title, nv "'.Or "^nn r^J^ *".!1X^!1 Xr, a Hebrew Chrestomathy in 2 vols. (Breslau, 1821). See Fiirst, Bibl. Jtid iii, 30; Steinschneider, BihUof/raplnsches Ilandbuch (Leipsic, 1859), p. 101 ; Jeiris'h Intellifjencer, 1865. (B. P.)
Neuniark, Georg, a German musician and au- thor of a great number of sacred songs, commonly heard in the evangelical churches of (iermany, was born in Thuringia about the year 1621. His parents, who were poor, soon after went to reside at Mullhouse, in France, which accounts for his having often been con- sidered a native of that city. In 1643 he went to study law at the University of Konigsbcrg, where Simon Dach, the centre of the Konigsbcrg school of poetry, was pro- fessor of poetry and poet-laureate. Dach was also a great musician. Under his iuHuence the young law student be- came, like the professor, a musician and a poet. When a student Neumark frequently suffered for want of food. In 1651 he went to live at Hamburg. There his pov- erty was so great that he was obliged to pawn his viol- di-gamba, a six-stringed instrument tlien in use, upon wliich he played very skilfully. In the midst of his suf- ferings he refused every unworthy method of seeking a livelihood, and preserved his simplicity of life and his trust in (iod. An attendant of the Swedish ambassador being greatly moved by a hymn which Neumark had sung, accompanying it upon his viol, which the Jew pawnbroker had permitted him to use, sought him out, learned his story, and afterwards repeated it to his mas- ter. The result was the young poet was appointed sec- retary of the ambassador. His tirst act on receiving the joyful news of his appointment was to redeem his viol. Then, as expressive of the way in which his faith hail been justified by the issue, he composed his most famous hymn, Wer nur den lieben Gott Idsst wallen, translatid into our tongue in the Li/ra Gcrmanica of Susanna Winkwortii as "Leave (Jod to order all thy ways." In 1651 he settled at Weimar, where he was appointed by duke William IV librarian of the royal archives. He lived a life of cheerful confidence in (iod, often giving exiiression to liis jiious sentiments in Christian hymns, and died at Weimar, July 8, 1681. Besides his numer- ous poetical pro(hictions, which were often puljlished, Neumark wrote also some historical essays in Latin, such as Ilortihistorici, mantudeel libcUits precoloriiiti : — Comadim de Calkie el Li/sandro, etc., a history of the successful society to which he belonged: — Ilitvlinpros- sender jwetischer I'lilmbaum (Nuremberg, 1670). The American Tract Society has published an English ver- sion of his hymns. See Miller's Sint/ers and 6'onf/s of