Otho IV OF Germany ruled from 1198 to 1218, but he played no part worthy of special mention here. He was crowned by Innocent III in 1209, but on ac- count of the occupation of the papal territory was vis- ited with the ban by this same pope, and thus crippled in his power he found it impossible to contend with the rival ruler, Frederick II, and retired to Brunswick, where he died, Nov. 19, 1218.
Otho, Georg, a distinguished German Orientalist, was born at Sattenhausen, near Casscl, in 1G34. He became professor and librarian at the University of Marburg, and died in that city May 28, 1713. Besides a large luimber of academical discourses, and Latin es- says on various points of philosophy and of Biblical ex- egesis, he wrote, Oratio funebris in obituui Jusii Jung- mannii (Cassel, 1C68, 4to) : — De accentwttione textus I/e- braici (Marburg, 1C98, 4to) : — Si/nopsis institutionum Samm-itanaium, Rabbinicarum, A rabiccij-um, ^■Etkiopi- carum, et Persicarum, ex optimis antoribus exceiyta VIL— H H
(Francf. 1701, 8vo). Otho, in his grammars, adopted the plan and system of James Alting (q. v.) ; they were therefore looked upon as a continuation of Alting's works, and reprinted with the latter's grammars in 1717 and 1730: — Fundamenta jmnctuationis lingme sancta:, and Institutiones Cha/d. et S^/r, ; Palasira linguarvm Orientaliinn (ibid. 1702, 4to), destined to facilitate the comparative study of Oriental languages. It contains the first four chapters of Genesis, in the Hebrew text, accompanied by the Latin version of Arius Montanus, in the Targums of Onkelos, of Jonathan, and of Jerusa- lem, and the Syriac, Samaritan, Arabic, Ethiopian, and Persian translations, each with a literal Latin transla- tion. It gives also all that part of both the smaller and the larger Masorah which relates to these four chapters, and the notes of R. Solomon, Aben-Ezra, etc. The whole is preceded by a model of parsing in each of these lan- guages, and followed by glossaries for all the words con- tained in the book: — Virga Ahai-onis jwhjglottos (Marb. 1G92, 4to) ; a work of the same kind as the preceding, more elaborate, but less extensive ; it embraces only the first eleven verses of Numb. xvii. A letter of Otho is inserted in Lacroze, Thesaurus episfol, i, 311. See Jij- cher, A llg. Gel.-Lex., Supplement ; Hoefer, Xouv. Biog. Gemrale, xxxviii, 929. (J. N. P.)
Otho, Johannes Heinrich, a noted Swiss He- braist, was born April 15, 1651, at Berne, in Switzerland. He received his education in his native place, went in 1G69 to Lausanne, thence to Saumur, Orleans, Paris, and Oxford. In 1673 he returned to his native coun- tr}', was appointed public teacher of philosophy at Lau- sanne, where he died, July 16, 1719, after liaving occu- pied some pastorates in different places. Otho pub- lished several works on the Hebrew, which to this day are used with great advantage, viz. Lexicon Rabbiriico- jjhilologicum in quo ordine alphabetico notantur et refe- runtur priF.cipue qua; circa pcttrum Hebraorum dog- mata, ritus et statuta in uiroque Talmude, ]\[uimonidig et aliorum scrip/is occurrunt (Basle, 1675); enlarged edition by Zacharias (Altona, 1757). In a later edition, which was published at Geneva in 1675, the Talnnulical treatise Shekalim, with notes and a Latin translation by the same author, is also given: — *i^2n X^h'cb'C n5U53ln, i. e. Ilistoria doctorum Mischnicorum quo opere eiiam Synedrii niagni Ilierosohimitani prcesides et rice- prcesides recensentur (Oxf. 1672; later ed. hj Reland, Amst. 1698). See Wolf, Bill, lltbr. ; Flirst, Bibl. Jud. iii, 59 sq. ; Jcicher, AUgemeines Geklirten-Lexikon, iii, 1142; Supplement by Rotermund, v, 1273 sq. ; Bibl. Bremensi Class, vol. vi, fasc. ii, p. 291 sq. (B. P.)
Otho, Julius Conrad (originally Naj)htali Mar- galita), a distinguished German Orientalist, belonged to a very ancient Jewish family, distinguished for its great learning and Talmudic lore, of which five mem- bers have united with the Christian Church. Naphtali Margalita Avas born at Vienna Sept. 12, 1562, and joined the Church in 1603 at Altona, where he was appointed professor of Oriental languages, and died at the same place in 1607. He wrote, Usus lingua: Ilebraicce, h. e. exposilio mystica document, llebr. Vet. Test. (Nlirnberg, 1604) : — Grammatica Ebraica (ibid. 1605) : — Nba N^TI, i. e. Occulloru7n detectio seu monstratio doymatum, qum omnes Rabbini 7-ecte sentienies ante et post Christi nativitatem de unitate essenticB divinm Trinitate persona- rum, et de Messia posteritati reliquei-unf, etc. (ibid. 1605 ; Stettin, 1613) ; a work consisting of extracts from the Talmud and the Sohar to prove the validit}' of the Christian doctrine : — Lexicon radicale s. thesaui'us coro^ nam Sacrce Scrijitui-ce complectens, in quo juxta ordinem alphabeticum jionuntur nomitia, verba, serviles et radi- cales litercc et voces inde dericatce (NUrnberg, 16. .). See Furst, Bibl. Jud. iii, 60; Wolf, Bill. Ilebr. i, 480; Stein- schneider, Bibliographisches Handbuch, p. 105 ; Same, Catalogus Librorum Ilebr. in Biblioth. Bodkiana, p. 2080; Jocher, AUgemeines Gelehrten-Lexikon, iii, 1142;
OTHOBON, SYNOD OF
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Supplement by Rolermund, v, 1300 ; Fabricius, Delectus arfjumcntonim et si/llabus scripturum, etc. (Hamburij, 1725), p. .')83 sq. ; Lciscber, Dc causis Ungum Heir. (Leijjs. 170t)), p. 1G9; Delitzsch, Saat auf Uoffiiung (ErlaiiKeii, l«(59),vii, MGsq. (B. P.)
Othobon, Synod of, was held in London, A.D. 1268, under cardinal Othobon, and claims attention, not only as representing the united churches of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, but as displaying a com- mendable zeal for discipline, and embodying its decrees in constitutions, many of which are still law. It directs that the laity be carefully instructed in the baptismal formula, in order that in cases of emergency they might be qualitied to administer the rite ; and it enjoins, for the lirst time, the indicati\-e form of absolution after confession, still retained in the office for the visitation of the sick. Several of its canons are directed against simoniacal contracts for benefices, non-residence and pluralities, commutations of penance, appropriations of tithes to monastic houses, and commendams, which, orig- inating in early times when interruptions were perpetu- ally occurring to regular ministerial appointments, were afterwards grievously perverted.