Otho'nias (^O^oviac, Vulg. Zochias), a corrupt form (1 Esdr. ix, 28) of the name Mattaniah (Ezra x, 27).
Otolengo, Samuel bex-David ben-Jechiel, of Casale, a noted Italian rabbi, flourished for a while at Venice, and died at Padua Aug. 22, 1718. He distinguish- ed himself as a poet and grammarian, and published ^"'"^ PX'l■3'i^ " the Mantle of Samuel," being extracts from the r.-'^yn ninib irr of Isaiah Horwitz (q. v.), to which he also wrote an Index (Venice, 1705) : — iTi~p il3'aX3, extracts from the p2'i "iSya of Aaron Rerecli- ja ben-Moses ben-Nechemia of Modena, important for ascetic literature (ibid.1701): — C^S^VJ '{^,pr,Correctio seu imlitutio jjmiitentium, a ritual containing precepts, prayers, hvmns, etc. (2d ed. Venice, 1719). See Fiirst, Bihl. Jud.' in, 58; Wolf, BibL I/ebr. i, 1094; iii, 1080; Jocher, Alltjemeines Gelehrten-Lexikon, iii, 1134. (B. P.)
O'Toole (or Tuathal), Laurence, an eminent Irish prelate, belonged to the princely sept of the Hy- Murrays of Leinster, in which province he was born in 1134. He was educated in the monasters of Glendo- lough, one of whose seven ancient churches still remains. He was very pious in early youth, and at the age of twenty-five was chosen a bishop ; the duties of the of- fice were almost literally forced upon him. Afterwards he became the abbot of the above monastery, and in 11G2 he was elected archbishop of Dublin, a position which he readily accepted, that he might the more easily dis- tribute tlie available funds of the diocese to the poor. He was consecrated by Gelasius, the Irish bishop of Ar- magh, who Leland says refused to attend the Roman Catholic council in Cashel. Grienne, his predecessor, and three other Dano-Irish bishops before him, had been ordained by the archbisliops of Canterbury, to whom they liad severally promised "canonical obedience." Witli O'Toole the foreign consecrations of the Dublin bishops ceased. He was the first archbishop ever con- secrated in Ireland (comp. Usher, 7?e%20?j of the EarJij Irish, vol. iv; Ware, Irish Antiq, i, 312). O'Toole wa.s a prominent member in the national council at Clane, called by Roderick, the last Irish king. At tliis meet- ing the school or monastery of Armagh was raised to the rank of a university, and a rule was passed that no one sliould be received as a lector or theological jtrofess- or unless lie had graihiated in this university. In this and several other instances we ])eroeivc the efforts which were then made to introduce Romish doctrines into the Irish (Jhiirch, and to bring the "diverse and schismat- ical usages," of which (iuillebertus, the pope's legate, had spoken, to " the one Catholic and Roman office." O'Toole was a true patriot. When the treachery of
JNIac^Iorrough was developed, and the English invasion had become evident, he took a decided stand for his country. After several fruitless efforts to adjust mat- ters, he risked his life between the contlicting parties to prevent the massacres of the people. In 1171, during a serious division among the English, he conceived the idea of arousing the whole nation, and of driving all the foreigners at once out of the island. For this purpose he went from province to province, addressing the no- bles and common people, and urging them to arise simultaneously, and to meet in Dublin. He was so far successful as to collect a great number of untrained and unorganized men, but king Roderick and his chieftains at that time were unequal to the hour, and through their jealousies, indolence, and self-confidence the gold- en moment was passed, and all was lost. In 1175 he was sent to England to sign articles of arrangement be- tween Roderick and Henry, which then amounted sim- ph' to an acknowledgment of the latter as feudal lord, without any reference to the soil or internal govern- ment. In 1179 O'Toole set out for Rome, no doubt to present the oppression of Ireland ; but in passing through England Henry would not let him proceed unless he would take an oath not to do or say anything in Rome that would be contrary to his interests in Ireland. This oath, however, he is accused of not having kept. Again, in 1180, he Avas sent by Roderick to England ; but Henry refused to see him, to hear his message, or to allow him to go back to Ireland, and, to end the whole matter, the king set out immediately for Normandy. O'Toole, however, being determined to get a bearing, soon fol- lowed him. But on reaching Eu, or Augum, in France, he was taken sick and died — some say of poison (Ware, Ii-ish Antiq.'). At all events the king was glad to get rid of him. When about to die he was asked to make his will, to which he replied, "The Lord knows I have not a hap'urth [a penny] on earth that is my own." He was canonized in the Church of Rome by pope Ho- norius III in 1225. Laurence O'Toole lived in eventful and perilous times. From the general history of this period there must have been strife and controversies go- ing on between the old Irish Church, founded seven hundred years before by St. Patrick, and the new hie- rarchy which the bishops of Rome were then establish- ing in Ireland. But on which side he was cannot be easily determined. We only know that politically and nationally he was opposed to the English and Roman- izing party. At this period, and for centuries after- wards, all the materials of history were exclusively in the keeping of Rome and England, and they are not known to publish anything against themselves. Tradition says there was found among his books in Dublin a copy of the New Testament in the Irish language, although there is no documentary testimony for it, since betweeii the Danes and the Anglo-Saxons all such testimony seems to have been destroyed. Ceraldus, who was his- toriographer to the invading army of Henry, very coolly says that in his time "many old and precious manu- scripts were torn up by the boys for book-covers, and were used by tailors for measurements" — {inter pueros in ludiis Uterariis ad librorum sittibiis, et inter siniores ml lasernids pi'o restiiim forma dimeiiendi, in Moore's IJist. of Ireland, Am. ed. p. 154). The same destruction seems to have been continued down to tlie time of James II of England, for it appears to have been the pol- icy of tlie first English invaders of Ireland, as a means of preserving their own authority, to efface as far as possible from the memory of the people every trace of their former nationality and the independence of their Church. See Todd, Ancient Irish Church, p. 133 sq. ; De Vinne, History of the Irish Primitive Church. (D. D.)