obert I, St. Ouen and St. Eloi, afterwards bishop of Novon, became the principal ministers of the nation, St. Ouen holding the position of chancellor. But not- withstanding the onerous civil duties thus imposed upon these excellent men, they labored zealously for the spiritual welfare of the people. St. Ouen in par- ticular greatly profited by his intimate association with St. Eloi, and by his advice founded, in G34, the abbey of Kebais, in the diocese of Meaux. Some time after St. Ouen entered the Church himself, and was ordained priest by Dieudonne, bishop of Macon. On his return from a mission to Spain he was made archbishop of Eouen. He is generally believed to have been installed May 21, G40, the same day on which St. Eloi was made bishop of Noyon and of Tournai. The diocese of Rouen, which yet contained many very uncivilized districts, gained greatly under the government of Ouen. He took part in the council of Chalons-sur-Saone, Oct. 25, 644. Pope Martin I having in 651 requested of king Clovis II some of his most learned bishops to be sent as legates to Constantinople to inquire into the question of monothelism, St. Ouen and St. Eloi were designated for that purpose, but, for reasons unknown at present, they did not go on that journey. After the death of Ebro'in, king Thierri I, at the suggestion of the new mayor of the palace, Warato, sent St. Ouen to Cologne to negotiate peace with Pepin, duke of Austrasia. The bishop proved successful in this undertaking, but died soon after his return at Clichy-la-Garenne, Aug. 24, 683. His body was transported to Rouen, and buried in the church which now bears his name. Ouen wrote a Mia Eligii, which may be considered as one of the most valuable documents we possess for the history of the 7tli century. MS. copies of it were preserved in many churches and monasteries. It was first published by Surius, but with many omissions. D'Achery hav- ing found two IMS. copies — one in the library of the abbey of Corbie, the other in that of Conches, in Nor- mandy— carefully compared them, and published the complete work of Ouen in the fifth volume of his Spiei- leg. in 1661. Ghesquierc also published the Vita Elif/ii, revised by means of MSS. from the collections of the Bollandists at Antwerp, in the Acta Sanct. Belgii, iii, 294-331. It was translated into French, from these vari- ous editions, by Louis de Montigny, archdeacon of No- j-on (Paris, 1626, 8vo) ; also anonymously (by Levesque, a priest) (ibid. 1693, 8vo) ; by Charles de Barthelemy (ibid. 1847, 8vo) ; and by abbot Parenty, canon of Arras (Arras, 1851, 12mo). These two latter translations are accompanied with very instructive and learned notes. A life of St. Remy, in MS., preserved in the abbey of St. Gall, is also attributed to Ouen. See Gallia Chi'is- tiana, vol. xi ; Hist, litter, de la Ftrince, iii, 623-628 ; Pommeraye, Hist, de Vabbaije de St. Ouen; Hist, des archives de Rouen ; France poniijicale ; Le Go'mle, Ann. eccl. de France ; Student's Histoi-y of France, p. 47 ; Hoefer, Xour. Biog. Generale, xxxviii, 978. (J. H. W.) Oughtred, William, an eminent English divine, noted especially as a mathematician, was born at Eton, Buckinghamshire, in 1573. Being educated at Eton as a foundation - scholar, or " colleger," he was elected thence, in 1592, to King's College, Cambridge, of which in regular course he was admitted perpetual-fellow. lie largely cultivated classical learning, as the elegant Latinity of some of his works indicates; but he applied himself chiefly to the study of mathematics. While yet an undergraduate he invented A n Easy Method of Geometrical Dlidling, which, though not given to the public until 1647, was then immediately translated from English into Latin by Christopher Wren, at that time a gentleman-commoner of Wadham College, Oxford. Oughtred took his degree of B.A. in 1596, and that of M.A. in 1599. In 1600 lie projected a horizontal instru- ment delineating dials upon any kind of plane, and for working most (luestions which could be performed by the globe. In 1603, or thereabout, Oughtred was ordained priest, and presented to the living of jVldbury, near
Guildford, in Surrey, upon which appointment he left the university and resided upon his living. He con- tinued his mathematical pursuits, but at the same time distinguished himself by the faithful discharge of his pastoral duties. The mathematical sciences were to him '• the more than Elysian fields," and his house was continually filled with young gentlemen who came thither for instruction. He probablj' wrote his Treatise of Trigonometry about 1614; and in pursuing the same subject he invented, not many years afterwards, an in- strument called The Circles of Projmrtion. All such problems in arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and navi- gation as depended upon simple and compound propor- tion might be solved by its aid; and it was the first sliding rule that was projected for those uses, as well as that of gauging. In 1628 he was engaged by the earl of Arundel as tutor to his son, lord William Howard, whose patronage of science has much to do with the history of its progress during the 17th century. For the use of his pupil Oughtred published, in lGol,Ariih- meticce in numeris ei speciebus iiistitutio, quce turn logis- ticce turn analyticce, atque totius maihematicce clavis est. This manual contained so many new and excellent theorems, both in algebra and geometry, that it was universally esteemed ; and the general plan of it has since been followed by the best authors on the subject. Oughtred was, in 1646, in danger of sequestration by the committee for plundering ministers, and several articles sufficient to have sequestered him were sworn against him. But William Lilly, the celebrated astrol- oger, appealed to Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke and all his old friends, and they apjieared in such numbers in his behalf on the day of hearing that he was cleared by the majority, though the chairman and many other Pres- byterian ministers were active against him. He some- times amused himself with phj'sical sports, and was sprightly at the age of eighty. Fuller (}Vo7ihies, i, 145) says that "this aged Simeon had a strong persua- sion that before his death he should behold Christ's anointed restored to the throne, which he did to his incredible joy, and then had his ' dimittis' out of this mortal life Jan. 30, 1660." According to Collier (Dic- tionary), Oughtred died about the beginning of May, 1660, having expired in an ecstasy of joy upon hearing the news of the vote at Westminster which passed for the restoration of Charles II. David Lhiyd says that " Oughtred was as facetious in Greek and Latin as solid in arithmetic, geometry, and the sphere of all measures, music, etc.; exact in his style as in his judgment, hand- ling his tube and other instruments at eighty as stead- ily as others did at thirty — owing this, as he said, to temperance and archery ; principling his people with plain and solid truths, as he did the world with great and useful arts; advancing new inventions in all things but religion, which, in its old order and deeenc}', he maintained secure in his privacy, prudence, meekness, simplicity, resolution, patience, and contentment." He had one son, whom he put an apprentice to a watch- maker, and for whose use he wrote a book of instruc- tions in that art. He left besides a great number of papers upon mathematical subjects; and in most of his (ireek and Latin mathematical books were found notes in his own handwriting, with an abridgment of almost all the propositions and demonstrations. These books came into the museum of William Jones, F.K.S., and with the manuscripts passed into the hands of Sir Charles Scarborough. Such of the latter as were found suitable for publication were printed at Oxford in 1676, under the title Op/isciila Mathematica hacteniis inedita. Many of Oughtred'.s MSS. are in the library of the earl of Macclesfield. See Biog. Diet.; AlUbone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. A uthors ; Engl. Cyclop.