Padovaiio, Antonio and Giovanni, two old
painters, probably brothers, to whom Morelli attributes the works in the church of S. Giovanni Battista (see the next article). In his Notizia, Morelli says that fornier- Ij' there was the following inscription on one of the gates, "Opus Johannis et Antonii de Padua;" for which reason Morelli conjectures that they were the painters of the whole building. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Arts, ii, G41.
Padovano, Giusto, an old Italian painter who lived at Padua, was a native of Florence. His real name was Giusto Menabuoi; but he was called Pado- vano from having been eventually a citizen of Padua, where he chiefl}' resided, and died in 1397 Jit an ad- vanced age. Vasari says Padovano was a disciple of Giotto, and attributes to him the very extensive works which adorn the church of S. Giovanni Battista in that city. In the picture over the altar are represented various histories of St. John the Baptist; on the walls various scriptural events and mysteries of the Apoca- Ij'pse ; and in the cupola is a choir of angels, where we behold, as in a grand consistory, the Blessed, seated upon the ground, arrayed in various garments. Lanzi says the composition of these works is very simple,
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but the}' are executed with a remarkable degree of diligence and felicity. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, oftlie Fine Arts, ii, 640, G41.
Padua is the name of an Italian province formerly in Austrian Italy (see Italy), and of the capital of that province. This city is noted in ecclesiastical history as the seat of several Church councils, of which the most important was held there in the spring of 1350 by car- dinal Guy d'Auvergne, legate of pope Clement IV, and which intended to effect the reformation of morals and the general purifj-ing of the Church. Padua, it may be stated here also, is noted as the seat of one of the oldest universities in Europe. It was celebrated as early as 1221. It now supports forty-six professorships, and is attended bj' about 2000 students. A pretty full account of the ecclesiastical history of Padua the reader will find in Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lexikon, xii, 916-920. For the councils, see Labbe, Cone, xi, 1918.
Pae Atua is the name of a general exhibition of the gods among the South Sea Islanders.
Pceaii (ITa(aV) is the name in the Homeric mythol- ogy of the physician of the Olympic gods. It was also applied as a surname to A sclepius, the god of healing.
Paean {-Katdr), a hymn anciently sung in honor of Apollo, who is therefore sometimes also called Pnaan. The hymn was of a mirthful, festive character, sung bj' several persons under a skilful leader as they marched in procession. It was used either to propitiate the fa- vor of the god or to praise him for a victory or deliver- ance obtained. It was sung at the Ilyacinthia, and in the temple of the Pythian Apollo. Pagans were usually sung among the ancient Cireeks, both at the commence- ment and close of a battle, the first being addressed to Ares, and the last to Apollo. In latter times other gods were also propitiated by the singing of paeans in their honor, and at a still later period even mortals were thus honored. The practice prevailed from a re- mote antiquity of singing paans at the close of a feast, when it was customary to pour out libations in honor of the gods. See Smith, Did. of Class. Antiq. s. v.
Paedagogics (Gr. iraiSayoiyiKct, from TraTr, izai- CoQ, a boy, and (iyuv, to lead, r/uide; aywyoc, leadimj) is a technical term for the scientific presentation of ed- ucational principles, as distinguished from education itself — the latter signifying the application of means by which the mature mind seeks to develop in the imma- ture the formation of an independent character. Paj- dagogics, or as it is generally Anglicized Pedagogics, is therefore related to education as theory is to practice. As a science it is, from its very nature, related to plii- losophy and theology, and we therefore make room here for a brief consideration of it.
Philosophy must rest upon a scientific apprehension of the nature of social life, with its permanent laws and its ideals, and also of the means to be employed that the laws may be fulfilled and the ideals realized — in other words, philosophy must be based on ethics. It follows from this that the most important prerequisite for philosophy is psychology, the science that is specially concerned with the laws of man's spiritual nature ; neither philosoph}' nor psychology may, however, just- ly disregard the results obtained by scientific inquiry in the tlepartment of man's physical nature. The re- lation of pedagogics to theology rests on the principle that the highest object to be sought in all training of youth is correct moral or, better, religious guidance ; for education is not merely the imparting of knowledge and of facility in its use, but, before and above all else, it is the development of conscience — tlie moral con- sciousness— and of the sense of responsibility. Now all morality has its idtimate ground in the relation sus- tained by man to God. Even philosophers, like the sceptic Lotze (comp. Ueberwcg, Hist, of Philos. ii, 312-821), concede that the moral life will never find a surer platform nor a superior inspiration than is afford-