Noyon, Beauvais, Auxerre, Meaux, and Laon. — Walcott, Sacred Ai'chceol. a. v.
Paladini, FiHppo, an Italian painter commended by Hackert, flourished about 1600, and executed several works for the churches in Syracuse, Palmara, Catania, and other places. Lanzi thinks this artist the same as Filippo Palladino (q. v.). See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine A rts, ii, G43.
Paladini, Litterio, an Italian painter, was born, according to Hackert, in 1091. He studied at Rome under Scbastiano Conca, and afterwards improved him- self by a diligent study of the antique models. On his return to Messina he was employed on several con- siderable fresco works for the church of Monte Yergine. This work is on a grand scale, and is highly commended
Front View of Solomon's Palace, according to Paiue.
several, while within there is a series of benchings like the tiers of a modern gallery. This entire scheme is remarkable for its simplicity. It is altogether congruous with its author's idea of the structure of Solomon's Temple, the essential difference from all other proposed restorations being the gradual enlargement of the build- ing upward. See Tejiple.
for correctness of design. He died of the great plague which ravaged Messina in 1743. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Arts, ii, 643.
Paleeography (Gr. TruXniur, old, and ypa(f)!], ivrit- inf), the science of ancient writinEjs. It comprehends not merely the art of reading them, but such a critical knowledire of all their circumstances as will serve to
Fig. S. Interior View of Solomon's Palace, accordiug to Paiue.
PALACE in ecclesiastical phraseolog)' is used for a bishop's house, called before the Norman invasion the minster -house, in which he resided with his family of clerks. It was provided with a gatehouse at Chichester and Hereford; at Wells it is moated and defended by walls ; at Durham it is an actual castle ; at Lincoln and St. David's it exists only as a magnificent ruin ; the chapels remain at York, Winchester, Chichester, Durham, Wells, and Salisbury; and the hall is preserved at Chichester; a few portions remain at W^orcester. There is a very perfect example at Ely. Bishops had town houses mostly along the Strand, as well as numerous country houses, like Farnham, liose, Hartleburj', and Bishop's Auckland. The chapels of Lambeth and Ely Place (Holborn), the abbots' houses at Peterborough and Chester, converted at the Reformation into palaces, re- tain many ancient portions, like those of Bayeux, Sens, YII.-M M
determine their age, if the}' happen to be undated, and their genuineness, in the absence of any formal authen- tication. For these purposes, the palaeographer needs to be acquainted with the various substances, such as bark, leaves, skins, paper, etc., which have been used for writing; with the various manners of writing which have prevailed, and the changes which they have un- dergone ; with the various forms of authenticating writ- ings, such as seals, signets, cachets, signatures, super- scriptions, subscriptions, attestations, etc., which have been employed at different times; with the various phases through which the grammar, vocabulary, and orthography of the language of the writing with which he is dealing, has passed ; and with more or less, as the case may be, of the history, laws, institutions, literature, and art of the age and country to which the writing professes to belong. Palaeography may be said to have
PAL^OLOGUS
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been fomided by the learned French Benedictine, Jean Mahilliin, wliose De Re JDiplomatica, first published in IGSI in 1 vol. fol., reprinted in 1709, and again in 1789, in 2 vols, fob, is still, perhaps, the most masterly work on the subject. Along with the Koiirecm Traite de Diplomaiie (I'ar. 1750-1765, 6 vols. 4to) of the Bene- dictines of St. Maur, and the Elements de Puleographie (Par. 1838, 2 vols. 4to) by M. Natalis de Wailly, it is the great authority for French pakvography. English palajography is perhaps less favorabh- represented in Astle's Orifjin and Progress of Writing (Lond. 1803), than Scottish palaeography in Anderson's and Ruddi- man's Diplomata ScoticB (Edinb. 1739). Muratori treats of Italian paleography in the third volume of his great work, the Antiquitates Italicce Medii yEvi ; and among later works on the same subject may be mentioned the Biploinatica rontificia (Rome, 1841) of Marino Marini. The palaaography of Greece is illustrated in the Pakeo- graphia Grceca (Par. 1708) of Montfaucon. Spanish paleography may be studied in the Biblioteca de la Polygraphia Espahola (jMad. 1738) of Don C. Rodriguez. Of works on German palneography, it may be enough to name Eckard's Inti-oductio in Pern IHjjlomuticum (Jen. 1742) ; Heumann's Cominentarii de Re Diplo- matica (Norimb. 1745) ; Walther's Lexicon Diploma- ticum (Gott. 1745) ; and Kopp's Palieographia Critica (JMannh. 1817), Hebrew palaeography has been elab- orated by Gesenius in his Geschichte der Ilehrdischen Sprache und Schrift, and other works. See Deutsch, Literary Remains, p. 153 sq. The great work on paleography generally — one of the most sumptuous works of its class ever published — is the Puleogra- phie Universelle (Par. 1839-1845, in 5 vols, fol.) of M. J. B. Silvestre.— Chambers, See Palimpsest ; Whit- ing.
Palaeologus is the name of an illustrious Byzan- tine family, whicli first appears in history about tlie 11th century, and is in many of its representatives inti- mately connected with the ecclesiastical historj' of the Middle Ages. The family attained to imperial dignity in the person of Michael Palceologus (q. v.). See East- ern Chuucii ; John Pal.eologus.