(9.) Burckhardt, Travels in Syria and ihe Holy Land (1822, 4to). With the exception of an excursion of twelve days to Safed and Nazareth, Burckhardt's journeys south of Damascus were confined to the east of the Jordan. Tliese regions he explored and de- scribed more completely than Seetzen, or any traveller till Wetstein (18G1), and even their researches do not ex- tend over so wide an area. Burckhardt made two tours in the Hauran, in one of which he penetrated — first of Europeans — into the mysterious Lejah. The southern portions of the transjordanic country he traversed in his journey from Damascus to Petra and Sinai. The fulness of the notes which he contrived to keep under the very difficult circumstances in which he travelled is astonishing. They contain a multitude of inscriptions, long catalogues of names, plans of sites, etc. The strength of his memory is shown not only by these notes, but by his constant references to books, from which he was completely cut off. His diaries are in- terspersed with lengthened accounts of the various dis- tricts, and the manners and customs, commerce, etc., of their inhabitants. Burckhardt's accuracy is universally praised ; no doubt justly. But it should be remembered that on the east of Jordan no means of testing him as 3'et exist; while in other places his descriptions have been found imperfect or at variance with facts. The volume contains an excellent preface by Col. Leake, but is very defective from the want of an index. This is partially supplied in the (ierman translation (Weimar, 1823-4, 2 vols. 8vo), which has the advantage of hav- ing been edited and annotated by Gesenius.
(10.) Irby and Mangles, Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria and the Holy Land (in 1817-18). This is hardly worth special notice except for the portions which relate their route on the east of Jordan, especially about Kerak and the country of Moab and Ammon, which are very well told, and with an air of simple faithfulness. These portions are contained in ch. vi and viii. The work is published in the J/ome and Col. Library, 1847,
(11.) Robinson, («) Biblical Researches in Pales- fine, etc., in 1838: 1st ed. 1841, 8 vols. 8vo; 2d ed. 185(5, 2 vols. 8vo. (fj) Later Bib. lies, in 1852, 1856, 8vo. Dr. Robinson's is the most important work on the Holy Land since Keland's. His knowledge of the subject and it,s literature was very great, his common-sense excellent, his qualifications as an investigator and a describer re- markable. He had the rare advantage of being accom- panied on both occasions by Dr. Eli Smith, long resi- dent in Syria, and perfectly versed in both classical and vernacular Arabic. Thus he was enabled to identify a host of ancient sites, which are mostly discussed at great length, and with full references to the authorities. The drawbacks to his work are a want of knowledge of ar- chitectural art and a certain dogmatism, which occa- sionally passes into contempt for those who differ with him. He too uniformly disregards tradition, an ex- treme nearly as bad as its opposite in a country like the East. The first edition has a most valuable appendix, containing lists of the Arabic names of modern places in the country, which in the second edition are omitted.
Both series are furnished with indexes, but those of ge- ography and antiquities might be extended with ad- vantage. Dr. Robinson's latest contribution to Biblical geography appeared after his death, Phys. Geog. of the Holy Land (Bost. 1865).
(12.) Ritter, Paldstina und Syrien, embracing part of his great Erdkunde, 1848-55. These six volumes relate to the peninsula of Sinai, the Holy Land, and Syria, and form together Rand viii. They maj' be con- veniently designated by the following names, which the writer has adopted in his other articles: 1, Sinai; 2, Jordan; 3, Syria (Index); 4, Palestine; 5, Lebanon; 6, Damascus (Index). Ritter has to some extent fol- lowed the plan of Reland. He has collected Avith won- derful labor and patience nearly everything that has been written upon Palestine — in book, article, or mis- sionary letter — down to his own time. The work is often confused, and the statements contradictory; and the learned writer, not having himself visited the coun- try, cannot always separate fact from fancy in those he quotes. This portion of Ritter's-ivork has been trans- lated, with some condensation and addition, by W. L. Gage (N. Y. 18G6, 4 vols. 8vo).
(13.) Wilson, The Lands of the Bible Visited, etc. (1847, 2 vols. 8vo). Dr. Wilson traversed the Holy Land twice, but without going out of the usual routes. He paid much attention to the topography, and keeps a constant eye on his predecessor, Dr. Robinson. His book cannot be neglected with safety by any student of the country; but it is chiefly valuable for its careful and detailed accounts of the religious bodies of the East, es- pecially the Jews and Samaritans. His Indian labors having accustomed him to Arabic, he was able to con- verse freely with all the people he met, and liis inqui- ries were generally made in the direction just named. His notice of the Samaritans is unusually ftdl and accu- rate, and illustrated by copies and translations of docu- ments, and information not elsewhere given.
(14.) Sclnvarz, A Descriptive Geography, etc., of Palestine (Pliilad. 1850, 8vo). This is a translation of a work originally published in Hebrew (Sepher Tehuoth, Jerusalem, 5605, A.D. 1845) by rabbi Joseph Schwarz. Taking as his basis the catalogues of Joshua, Chronicles, etc., and the numerous topographical notices of the Rab- binical books, he proceeds systematically through the country, suggesting identifications, and often giving curious and valuable information. The American trans- lation is almost useless for want of an index. This ia in a measure supplied in the German version. Das hei- lige Land. etc. (Frankfurt a. M. 1852).