It still remains, however, for some one to do for Syria what Mr, Lane has so faithfully accomplished for Egypt,
the more to be desired because the time is fast passing, and Syria is becoming every day more leavened by the \\'est.
Vietvs. — Two extensive collections of Views of the Holy Land exist — those of Bartlett and of Roberts, Pictorially beautiful as these i)lates are, they are not so useful to the student as the very accurate views of William Tipping, Esq., published in Traill's Jusephus. There are some instructive views taken from jdioto- graphs in the last edition of Keith's Land of Israel. Photographs have been published by Erith (London), Robertson (Cairo), Bonfils, (Beirut), Bergheim (Jerusa- lem), Martin (Lond.), the English and American Explo- ration societies, the editor of this Cyclopcedia, and others.
Maps. — Mr. Van de Velde's map has superseded all its predecessors; but much still remains to be done in districts out of the track usually pursued by travellers. On the east of Jordan, Kiepert's map (in Wetstein's Ilaurun) is as yet the only trustworthy document, the substance of which is embraced in his new Wandkarte (Berl. 1875). Osborn and Coleman's large wall -map of Palestine (last ed. Phila. 1876) is good for bold relief, but lacking in details. The surveys of the British and American engineers are j-et incomplete, and the results will not be published, iu all probability, for some time to come. Of .4 tlases, Menke's Bibel-A flas (Gotha, 1868) is the best for ancient details ; Clark's Bible A tlas (Lond. 1868) for popular use, and Smith and Grove's two sheets in Murray's Class, and Bibl. A tlas for modern particu- lars. A carefully drawn and distinctively colored se- ries of maps, designed either for general or minute use, and embracing iu great detail Lower Egypt, the Sina- itic Peninsula, and Palestine, with the latest and most authentic researches on both the ancient and the modern topography, by the editor of this Cyclopcedia and Mr. C, D. Ward, C. E., who accompanied liim on his late tour, is embodied in this and the following volumes.
PALESTINE, Mission in. The honor of having sent the first missionaries to Palestine belongs to Amer- ica. On Oct. 31, 1819, the "Instructions from the Prudential Committee of the American Board of Com- missioners for Foreign Missions" were delivered in the Old South Church, Boston, to the Rev. Levi Parsons and the Rev. Pliny Fisk (q, v.), missionaries designated for Palestine. On Feb. 17, 1821, Mr. Parsons arrived at Jerusalem, while Mr. Fisk stayed at Smyrna. In the following year jNIr. Fisk lost his companion, who on Feb. 10, 1822, left his earthly abode for the heavenly Jerusa- lem. The vacancv was soon filled in the person of the Rev. Jonas King, who, in company with Mr. Fisk and the famous missionary Joseph Wolff (q. v.), entered Je- rusalem in the year 1823. Meanwhile another under- taking was started. The encouraging news sent to England by the Rev. Joseph Wolff induced the noble man Lewis Waye to undertake a journey to the East with the view of forming a mission there. In this undertaking he was accompanied by the Rev. W, B, Lewis, Mr, Waye rented a convent at Antftra, intend- ing to make it a place where missionaries might pre- pare themselves, but ill -health forced him to return home. In 1824 Dr. Dalton, a medical man, was sent out to aid ]Mr. Lewis in forming a settlement in Jerusa- lem, but the latter returned home that same autumn. Upon this Dr. Dalton made an arrangement with the two American missionaries, King and Plin^' Fisk, to rent one of the small convents for their establishment. Pliny Fisk, however, died in November, 1825, before the arrangement was completed, and Dr. Dalton was again left alone. It was to aid him that the Rev. Mr. Nicolay- son (t 1856) was sent to Palestine in December, 1825. But very soon after his arrival Dr. Dalton died, in Jan- uary, 1826, of an illness caught on a tour to Bethlehem. jNIr, Nicolayson returned to Beirut, and studied the lan- guage more thoroughly during that winter. In the summer of the same year (1826) a rebellion broke out, and Mr. Nicolayson retired to Safed, and lived there till June, 1827, having much intercourse with the Jews.
PALESTINE, MISSION IN 583 PALESTINE, MISSION IN
The troubles that ensued in the following years made it necessary for Mr. Nicolayson to leave the country until the year 1832, when he returned and went to BeirClt with his family, at the time when the pasha had nearly taken Acre. The country was now quite open. In company with Mr. Caiman, a converted Jew, Mr. Nico- layson undertook some journeys through the country, and on returning to Beirut they found that two Ameri- can missionaries, Dr. Dodge and the Kev. W. M. Thom- son, had arrived on their way to Jerusalem to labor among the native Christians. They also resolved to attempt the renting of a house in the Holy City. Ac- cordingly, in the autumn of 1833, Mr. Nicolayson and family removed to Jerusalem, to a house on Mount Zion. In the spring of 1834 ]\Ir. Thomson arrived, and about the same time the rebellion broke out. Mrs. Thomson died of brain fever, July 22, 1834, produced by the alarm and other circumstances. IMrs. Nicolay- son was ill for some weeks, and soon after Mr. Nicolay- son fell ill, so that they had to leave for Beirut. In the spring of 1835 Dr. Dodge and Mr. Whiting, from the American INIission, arrived, but Dr. Dodge died in the same year he went out, June 28, 1835. Other mission- aries were sent by the American Board, but that partic- ular field was soon abandoned by them. For an account of the American mission schools at Beirut and its vicin- ity, the Presbyterian missions at Damascus, the German colony at Jaffa, the Edinburgh dispensary at Nazareth, etc., see Syria, Missions in.