Pan-Movements for the union of the different Christian bodies of the world are of recent origin, and so largely at work at the present time that it is hard- ly possible to say more here than simply call the in- quirer's attention to the Pan- Anglican Synods lield in recent years [see Synods; CEcumenical Councils]; and the Pan- Presbyterian Synods for the purpose of ef- fecting a Presbyterian union. See Pkesbytekians. A Pan-Methodistic organization has been suggested, and is likely to secure the hearty co-operation of all !Meth- odists of every branch and every country (comp. Meth- odist Quar. Rev. Jan. 7, 1875, p. 172, 173). See Evan- gelical Alliance Conference, 1873 (New York, 1874, 8vo).
Pan'nag ('y}'B,panndg') occurs only once in Scripture, but so much inicertainty exists respecting the meaning of the word, that in many translations, as, for instance, in the Aulliorized English Version, the original is re- tained. Thus in the account of the commerce of Tyre, it is stated in Ezek. xxvii, 17, " Judah and the land of Israel, they were thy merchants ; they traded in thy markets wheat of Minnith, and pannag, and oil, and honey, and balm." From the context it is evident that ■wheat, oil, and honey were conveyed by Judah and Israel — that is, the products of their country as an agri- cultural people — as articles of traffic to the merchants and manufacturers of Tyre, who, it is certain, must, from their insular position, have obtained their chief articles of diet from the neighboring land of Syria. It is prob- able, therefore, that pannag, whatever it may have been, was the produce of Palestine, or at least of Syria. In comparing the passage in Ezekiel with Gen. xliii, 11, where the most valued productions of Palestine are enumerated, the omission of tragacanth and ladannm (A. V. " spices and myrrh") in the former is very ob- servable, and leads to the supposition that pannag rep- resents some of the spices grown in that country. The Sept., in rendering it Kaala, favors this opinion, though it is evident that cassia cannot be the particular spice intended (see ver. 19). Hitzig observes that a similar term occurs in Sanscrit (pannaga) for an aromatic plant. Some of the rabbins have also thought that it was a district of Judaja, which, like Minnith, j'ielded the best wheat (Fiirst, JJeb. Lea: s. v.) ; others, as Junius and Tremellius, from the similarity in the name, have thought it might be the original of the name of Phoe- nicia. But Hiller {Ilierophytica, ii, 51) thinks it to be the same with the Trdva^ of the Greeks, the Roman panax, whence comes " panacea," the unicersal remedy. The name panax occurs as early as the time of Theo- phrastus (ix, 10), and several kinds are described by him, as well as by Dioscorides; one kind is called espe- cially Syrian panax. Of one of these plants, now sup- posed to be a species ai Ferula laserpitium or I/eracleum, the juice was called opopanax. It is curious, however, that the plant yielding the opopanax of commerce is still unknown, as well as the exact locality where it is produced, whether in Syria, or in some part of the Per- sian empire. By the Arabs it is caWeA jmcashir. Lady Calcott has supposed (Script. Herbal, p. 371 sq.) the panax of the ancients to refer to Panax quinquefoliiim, or ginseng of the Chinese, which they also supi)ose to be a universal remedy, though not possessed of any active properties. But the name panax was not applied to this plant until the time of LinniBus, and there is no proof, nor indeed is it probable, that it found its way from China at any such early period : at all events the Israelites were not likely to convey it to Tyre. The
PANNINI
615
PANTALEON
Syrian version, however, translates pannag by the word duclian, which signilies " millet," or Panicum niiUaceum. Bishop Newcome, therefore, translates pamiari by the word paim, signifying the species of millet which was om,)loyed by the ancients as an article of diet, and which still is so by the natives of the East. This view is favored by the expression in the book of Sohar, quoted by Geseniiis (77;es(»</-. s. v.), which speaks of '•bread of pannag:" though this again is not decisive, for the pannag may equally well have been some fla- voring substance, as seems to be implied in the doubtful equivalent (X'lVip) given in the Targum. One objec- tion to its being millet is that this grain has a name, doc/ian, which is used by the same prophet in Ezek. iv, 9. See Millet. From the context it would seem most likely that this pannaf] was a produce of the country, and probably an article of diet (Kitto; Smith). Per- haps the best explanation of this uncertain word which can now be given is that which refers it to a kind of pastri/ or sweet cake (from an obsolete root, 535, to be savory; so Gesenius and Fllrst). See Tyrk.
Pannini, Cav. Giovanni Paolo, an eminent Italian painter of perspective architecture, was born at Piacenza in lt)91. He went early to Rome, where he studied un- der Pietro Lucatelli. He had a passion for vainting, and applied himself with great assiduity in designing the remaining monuments of antiquity wherever he found them, especially at Pome. He formed his style on Giovanni Ghisolti, and became a perfect master of the art of perspective, surpassing all his contempora- ries. He sketched every vestige of ancient magnifi- cence— the ruins of superb edifices, cenotaphs, columns, arches, obelisks, and some of the most ancient buildings which ornamented Rome. His composition is rich, and his perspective critically correct. His works are univer- sally admired for the grandeur of his architecture, the clearness of his coloring, the neatness and freedom of his touch, the beauty of his figures, and the elegant taste with which he disposed them, although he some- times designed his figures of too large a size for his ar- chitecture, which injures the effect that would other- wise be produced by the immensity of the buildings. This fault, however, is only occasional in Pannini's works. He generally painted his pictures of a large easel size, but sometimes he wrought on a grander scale. Lanzi highly commends a picture of this class in the church of the Signori della Missione, represent- ing Christ drivinr/ the Money-changers from the Temjjle, in which the architecture is truly magnificent, and the principal figures are drawn with great spirit and variety of character, and of much larger size than he usually painted. His works are numerous, and are not only to be found in the principal collections of Italy, but in other countries of Europe. At Rivoli, in the pleasure- house of the king of Sardinia, and in the pontifical pal- ace of Monte Cavallo, are some of his choicest works. Many of his pictures have been engraved. He died in 1758. See Spooner, Blag. Hist, of the Fine Arts, ii, 649, 650.