Like the preceding it has been translated into English aiid German. See Schaff, Christ in Song, p. 155 ; Neale, Mediwval Hymns and Sequences, p. 1-4 ; Caswall, Li/ra Catholica,\). 137; Mrs. Charles, Christian Life in Song, p. 133; Hymns Ancient and Modern ; IsWWcr, Singers and Songs of the Church, p. 11 ; Evenings with the Sacred Poets, p. 47 sq. ; Bilssler, A uswahl cdtchristlicher Lieder, p. C5, 193 ; Simrock, Lauda Sion Salcatorem, p. 92 sq. ; Ram- bach, Anthologie, i, 100 sq. ; Konigsfeld, Lateinische Ilymnen und Gesange, ii, 78 sq. ; Fortlage, Gesdnge chi-ist- licher Vorzeit, p. 108 sq. ; Daniel, Ilymnologischer Blii- thenstrariss, p. 14, 101 ; id. Thesaui'us Ilgmnologiscus, i, 163-1G5; Wackernagel, Das deuische Kirchenlied, i, 61 sq. ; Koch, Geschichte des Kirchenliedes (Stuttgard, 186G), i, 57 sq. (B. P.)
Panhellenia, a festival of all the Greel-s, as the name implies. Its first institution is ascribed to the emperor Hadrian.
Panhellenius, a surname of Dodonean Zeus (Ju- piter), as having been worshipped by all the Hellenes or Greeks. There was a sanctuary built for his worship in ^gina, where a festival ■was also held in his honor.
Panicale, Masolino da, an eminent Italian sculp- tor and painter, born at Panicale, in the Florentine ter- ritory, in 1378. He first studied modelling and sculp- ture under Lorenzo Ghiberti, wlio at that time was unrivalled in composition and design, and in giving an- imation to his figures. Being already a distinguished artist, he studied coloring under Gherarda Stamina. Thus uniting in himself the excellence of two schools, and diligently cultivating the art of chiaroscuro, he produced a new style, not wholly exempt from dryness, but grand, determined, and harmonious beyond any for- mer example ; and one that was carried to higher perfec- tion by his scholar, Masaccio. The chapel of S. Pietro al Carmine is a monument of his genius. He there paint- ed the Four Evangelists, the Vocation of St. Peter to the Apostleship, the Denial of Christ , Curing the Lame Man at the Gate of the Temple, and the Preaching to the Mul- titude. Panicale died in 1415, before the completion of the chapel, and the rest of the Acts of St. Peter. These were afterwards painted by Masaccio. Some of his works have been engraved. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Arts, ii, 649.
Panico, Antonio Mauia, a Bolognese painter, who, according to Bellora, was a disciple of Annibale Caracci, whom he accompanied to Rome at an early age, and whose manner he emulated. He was much employed by Mario Farnese in decorating his country-seats at Castro and Latera. His most established work is a picture of the mass in the cathedral at Farnese, in which, Lanzi says, he was assisted by Annibale, who even con- ducted .some of the figures. This, however, seems doubt- ful, as Caracci died in 1C09, and Panico in 1652. It is not probable that the latter would have been intrusted with so important a commission almost in his youth, which must have been the case were such an association true. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine A rts, ii, 649.
Panieri, Feudinando, an Italian theologian, was born at Pistoia Nov. 24, 1759. He was for some time professor of dogmatic theology in the seminary of his native town. He was favorable to Jansenism (q. v.), and assisted in the synod of 1786, where the principles of the Jansenists were discussed ; but as he was in dan- ger of persecution for his liberal stand, he afterwards addressed to the holy chair a complete retraction of his conduct, A cauonicate was then given him, and the
direction of the ecclesiastical conferences of the diocese in which he held the professorship. He died at Pistoia Jan. 27, 1822. His principal writing is Examen sur les peches qui se commettent dans les fetes et les plaisirs du siecle (Pistoia, 1808-1813, 4 vols.). See Catalogue des Saints dc Pistoie (ibid. 1818, 2 vols.) ; Mahul, Annu- aire necrol. 1823 ; Hoefer, A'ouv, Biog. Generale, xxxix, 134.
Panigarola, Francois, a celebrated Italian Ro- manist, noted especially as a pulpit orator, was born of noble descent at Milan Jan. 6, 1548. He was educated by Noel Conti and Aonio Paleario, and early gave proof of great vivacity of mind and a wonderful memorj'. He studied law for several years at Pavia and Bologna, at the same time leading a very disorderly life. Recalled to other sentiments by the death of his father, he enter- ed the Order of Cordeliers in 1567, and soon distinguished himself by his talent for preaching. In 1571 he went to Paris to finish his theological studies, where he preached before Catharine de' Medici. After having stopped at Lyons and Antwerp, he returned in 1573 to his own country, and for several years taught theology in dift'erent convents of his order. His sermons, which in the opinion of Tiraboschi, display the richest imagina- tion, great force of thought, and energetic style, are full of gravity, although a little redundant. They gained him the merited reputation of the most eloquent orator of his country's contemporaries. After having passed two years near San Carlo Borromeo, who highly es- teemed Panigarola, he was promoted to the bishopric of Asti in 1587. Two years after he was sent to Paris, to sustain there by his eloquence the party of the League. In 1590 he returned to his diocese, which he administer- ed till his death with great zeal. He died May 31, 1594. Among his eighty and more works, printed or in MS., we will quote, Leziotii xx contro Calvino (Venice, lo83, 4to) i—Prediche spezzate (Asti, 1591, 4to) :— Tre prediche fatte in Parigi (ibid. 1592, 8vo) : — Compendia degli Annali Ecclesiastici del Baronio (Venice, 1593, 4to) : — Sei quaresimali fatti in Porjia (Rome, 1596, 2 vols. 4to) : — Specchio di guerra (Bergamo, 1597, 4to) : — Condones Latince (Cologne, 1600, 8vo) : — Homilim Romce habitce anno 1580 (Venice, 1604, 8vo) : — Rhetoricoe eccle- siasticm libri Hi (Cologne, 1605, 8vo) : — La quaresima in sonetti con le figure (Bergamo, 1606, 4to) : — H pre- dicatore, o sia commentario al lihro dell' Eloquenza di Demetrio Phalereo (Venice, 1609, 4to) : — Sagri concetti (Milan, 1625, 4to) : — Carmina Latina, in vol. vii of the " Carmina poetarum Italorum." Panigarola has left some very interesting Memoires upon his life, preserved in MS. in the library of St. Ango of Milan and in the Am- brosian library of the same city. See Bongratia de Varenna, Vita di Panigarola (Milan, 1617, 4to ; in French in the Bibliotheque of Bullart) ; Ughelli, Italia sacra, t. iv; Argelati, Scriptores mediolanenses ; Tiraboschi, Sto- riu della letter. Italiana. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxxix, 134.