Modern pantheism is nothing else than the theoso- phy of the East imported into the West : an avowed at- tempt to dis]dace the religious idea which (iod stamped upon the soul and conscience of humanity from the very cradle of the race in Paradise. The personality of the Deity and of Christ, with the individual responsi- bilit)' of man, are the weighty questions upon which men's minds are to be unsettled. There is nothing orig- inal in the means adopted, unless indeed in their higher sublimation from all earthly taint of common-sense — "Insana magis quam hferetica;"' the present deification of man is the last word of this philosophy. " J'ai assez lu," says Saisset, as the conclusion of his comparison of the various systems of philosophy {Essai de Phil, liel.) ; "j'ai assez discute, I'age mfir arrive, il faut fermer ces livres, me replicr au dedans dc moi ct ne plus consulter que ma raison."
IV. Literature. — See Ritter, Gesch. dcr chrixtl. Pliilos. vol. i, ii ; Fischer, Gesch. der neueren J'/iilos. ; Ueber- weg. Hist, of riiilos. vol. i, ii ; Buchanan, Modeiii A the- ism (1855); Dix, Led. on Pantheism; W. H. iMill, Ap- plication of Pantheistic Principles to the Gospel Theort/ (1840) ; Maret, Der Pantheismns in den modernen Gesell- schaj'ten (2d ed. 184'2); liomany, Der neiieste Panl/ieis- mus (1848) ; Bohmer, De Pantheismi Nominis Orh/ine et Usu et Notione (1851) ; Yolkmuth, I'antheismus (1837) ; Hoffmann, Zur Widerler/une/ des Xattircdismus, Maleriul- ismus u. Puntheismus (1854); Weissenborn, Vorlesuvgen
iiher Puntheismus u. Theismus (Marb. 1859) ; Hunt, Essay on PaniheLvn (1866) ; Saisset, Philos. Relig. (1862), i, 111 sq.; ii,315sq. ; and the English translation of his j^/orfe?7i Pantheism (1866) ; Planning, Half Truths and the Truth (1873) ; Hanne, Lie Idee der absoluten Peisonlichkeit (18G9); Waccius, Kami der Pantheismus eine Reforma- tion der Kirche bilden (1870) ; Jundts, Histoire du Pan- theisme populaire (Paris, 1875); Poitou, Philos. Syst, Relig. eh. viii; Gould, Origin and Developiment of Relig- ious Belief {1871), i, 253, 256, 257, and especially ch. xiv ; Bunsen, God in the Woi-ld, i, 5 sq. ; Pye-Smith, I'irst Lines in Christian Theology, p. 112 sq. ; Wharton, Theism and Scepticism (1859), p. 362 sq. ; (Juizot, Meditations sur Fetat actuel de la Religion Chretienne (1866) ; Hardwick, Christ and other Masters, i, 25 sq. ; IMliller, The Doc- trine of Sin (see Index in vol. ii); Hagenbach, Hist, of Doct. (see Index in vol. ii) ; Bournonfe, La Science des Religions, ch. xi ; Pattison, Tendencies of Religious Thought in Engl, in " Essays and Keviews" (1860), p. 279-362; Van Mildert, Rise and Progress of Infidelity (Boyle Lect. 1802-4) (1838); Tennemann, Gesch. der Philos. ; Thompson, Theism, p. 97 ; Auberlen, Dogmat- ics; Fisher, The Natural and the Supernatural ; Farrar, C?it. Hist, of Free Thought ; Haag, Histoire des Dogmes Chretiennes (see Index) ; McCosh, Intuition of God; Browne, Expos, of the Thirty-nine Articles, p. 19-36; Bayne, Christian Life; Hase, Dogmatik, p. 119 sq. ; Migne, Conclusions, p. 019-870; Gioberti, Works, vol. ii, iii ; Nitzsch, Practische Theologie ; Nieduer, Gesch. der Philos. p. 369; Journal Spec. Philos. Jan. 1871, art. x; Brit, and For. Edinh. Rev. Oct. 1866. p. 846 sq. ; July, 1875, art. vii ; Brit. Quar. Rev. April, 1875, art. ii ; Lond. i?ec. April, 1856, 14sq.20sq.; Kev-Eriglander, Jan.l,18G3, art. v; Brit. For. Rev. vol. xvii; Biblioth. Sac7-a, Jan. 1857, p. 55 ; 1860, p. 257 ; Oct. 1867 ; Chr. Rev. vol. xx ; Joimud Sac. lAt. vol. ix, xx; I^ond. Academy, Nov. 1, 1873, p. 411 ; Theol. Eclect. Rev. iii, 106 ; Amer. Presbyt. Rev. April, 1862, p. 199 ; April, 1863, p. 358 ; A mer. Quar. Ch. Rev. Oct. 1867 ; Oct. 1869. (J. H. W.)
Pantheon, the name among the Greeks and Po- mans for a temple dedicated to all the gods. It was in Rome also called the Rotunda. The "Pantheon" of Rome is a building deservedly celebrated for its fine dome. It suggested the idea of the domes of modern times. It was anciently dedicated by Agrippa, son-in- law to the emperor Augustus; but in A.D. 608 it was rededicated by pope Boniface IV to the Virgin Mary and all the saints (Chiesa di Santa Maria dei Marttri).
Hall bcctiou oi I'anilicon Oiom reignssou).
PANTIIERA
625
PANZER
In this once pagan but now Roman Catholic church may be seen difterent services going on at different al- tars at the same time, with distinct congregations around them, just as the inclinations of the people lead them to the worship of this or that particular saint. In 1632 a Barberini, then on the papal throne, thought he would add to his reputation by distiguring the Pantheon, whicli he despoiled of the ornaments spared by so many barbarians, that he might cast them into cannon and form a high-altar for the church of St. Peter. (J. H. W.) Panthera is, according to the Talmud, the name of a certain soldier, said to have been illegitimately the father of Jesus. This tradition was current before the composition of the Talmud, fur as early as the 2d cen- tury Celsus, against whom Origen wrote his treatise, in- troduces a Jew who, in speaking of the mother of Jesus, says that "when she was pregnant she was turned out of doors by the carpenter to whom she had been be- trothed, as guilty of adultery, and that she bore a child to a certain soldier named Pantliera." The word Pan- thera, or, as it is written in the Talmud, i<T^"I33 'p, Son of Pander a, seems to have been used in an allegori- cal sense, meaning " the son of a wanton," for according to allegorical exegesis the: panther derives the name from TO Tvuv B'tjpciy, thus signifying " the personification of sensuality." Only in uncxpurgated editions of the Tal- mud, the last of which appeared at Amsterdam in lG4o, the name of Jesus occurs some twenty times. The To- ledoth Jeshu (q. v.), a detestable compilation put together out of fragmentary Talmudic legends, contains every- thing that is supposed to have been uttered by Jewish blasphemers, and in the Latin translation given by Wa- genseil, in his Tela Irpiea Satame (Altorf, 1681), it is made accessiljle to all who wish to know more about this mat- tor. In the German language the student can peruse Eisenmenger, who has brought together all these blas- phemous sayings, attributing them all to Judaism, while reallv they are only the utterances of several ignoble souls". In "his Kntdecktes Judenth. i, 106, 107, 109, 115, 116, 133, 261 sq., the German and the original are given. See also Buxtorf, Lexicon Tulmudicum, s. v. 1I2D, XII-D, p. 732, and s. v. niTlIS, p. 87-1 (Fischer's ed.); Hoff- mann, Das Lehen Jesu nach den Apokrijphen, p. 90 sq. ; Farrar, Life of Christ, i, 76 ; Nitzsch, Ueber eine Reihe talmudischer und patristischer Tauschunr/en, welche sich an den missverstandenen Spottnamen, X^'^TdS '(2, r/e- kniipft, in the Theolo(jische Studien u. Kritiken (1840), p. 115 sq.; P. Cassel, I'anthera-Stada, etc., in his Apologe- tische Briffe (Berlin, 1875). (B. P.)