Literature. — The chief sources for the history of the Roman bishops until the 6th century are the papal cata- logues. They are divided into two classes, the tireek and the Latin. Of the former, only those found in Ire- naius {Adv. Hvereses, iii, 3, 3) and in Eusebius are of im-
portance. Of the latter writer we have a double list, one in the Chronicles (only in the Armenian translation, not in the Latin translation by Jerome), from Peter to Gains (died 296) ; the other in his Church Ilistury, from Peter to Urbanus (230). Jerome, who, in his free translation of the Chronicles of Eusebius, continues the list of Roman bishops down to his contemporary and patron Damasus, leans, on the whole, more on the statements . of the Eccles. History of Eusebius, but has also availed himself of another Roman catalogue, which is closely related to the so-called Liberian Catalogue. The most important among the Latin catalogues for the history of the first three centuries is the so-called Cutalogus Liberianus, which is found in the collective work of the chronographist of 354, and extends to Liberius. Upon it the so-called Felician Catalogue, as far as Felix IV (died 530), is based, which, in turn, may be regarded as the tirst edition of the Liher Pontijicalis (q. v.). For the bishops from Peter to Pontianus the Cafalnrjus Liberi' anus substantially followed the chronicles of Hippolytus (beginning of the third century). The Catalogus Liberi- anus was followed by the Catalogiis Leoninus, compiled under Leo the Great (440-461), and other continuations. A thorough and exhaustive w"ork on all papal catalogues is Lipsius's Chronolorjie der romischen BiscJivfe (Kiel, 1869). — The earliest history of the popes is the Liber Pontijicalis, which was long ascribed to Anastasius, abbot and librarian at Rome (died about 886), who, how- ever, is the author of the last biographies of the work only. It was edited by Busaeus (Mentz, 1602) ; Fa- bro'tti (Paris, 1649) ; Bianchini (Rome, 1718 sq., 4 vols.) ; ]\Iuratori (in the three volumes of the Script. Rer. Ital.') ; Vignoli (Rome, 1724 sq.,3 vols.). — Among the very nu- merous histories of the popes we quote the following : F. Petrarca, Vile dei Pontijicl et ImjKratori Romani (Florence, 1478) ; Panvini, Be Vitis Rom. Pontijicum (ibid. 1626) ; Sacchi di Palatina, Hist, de Vitis Pontijicum Rom. (ibid. 1626); Tempesta, VitcB Summ. Pontijicum (Rome, 1596); Ciacconi. Vitce et gesta Rom. Pontij\ et Cardin. (ibid. 1677, 4 vols.; continued by Pide Cinque and Fabrino, 1787); Palazzi, Gesta Pontif. Rom. (Ven. 1687 sq., 5 vols.) ; Pagi, Breviarium gest. Pont. Rom. (6 vols.) ; Bower, The Lives of the Popes (Lond. 1730, 7 vols.); Bruys, Hist, des Popes (Hague, 1732 sq., 5 vols.) ; Walch, Gesch. der rUmischen Pdpste (Gijttin- gen, 1758) ; Spittler, Vorlesvngen iiber die Geschichte des Papstthums (Hamb. 1828) ; Smets, Geschichte der Pdpste (Cologne, 1829, 4 vols.) ; P. Midler, Die rOmischen I'dp- ste (Vienna, 1847-1857, 17 vols.); Artaud de Montor, Hist, des souv. Pontijes Rom. (Paris, 1848 sq., 8 vols.); Haas, Geschichte der Pdpste (Tiibing. 1859 sq.) ; Grone, Pap)st-Gesch. (Ratisbon, 1864). — Among the best works treating only of a part of the history of the papacy are: Ranke, Die rumischen Pdpste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im \Gth u. \~th Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1834 sq., 3 vols. ; 6th edit. 1874, 4 vols. ; translated into English and other languages, and generally regarded as the best among all works on the papacy) ; Baluze, Vitce Papa- rum Avinioneiisium (Paris, 1693, 2 vols.); Hofler, Die deutschen Pdpste (Ratisbon, 1839) ; Christophe, Histoire de la Papaule pendant le xiv si'ecle (Par. 1852) ; JafTe, Regesta Pontij] Rom. (Berlin, 1851; as far as 1198). Special works on the ecclesiastical supremacy claimed by the popes are : Duval, LJe supreina Rom. Pontif. in Pcclesia potestdfe ; Bellarmine, De potestate Rom. Pontif. (Rome, 1610); hc'itam, Impenetrabilis j'ontijiciir digni- tatis ctypeus ; L. Veith, De primatu et inj\dlibilitate Rom. Pontif. ; J. a Benncttis, Privilegiorum S. Petri rindicim (Rome, 1756, 6 vols.); Ots,\, De irreformahili Rom. Pontif. judicio ; Scardi, De Supremo Rom. Pontij". auctoritate; Chalco, De Rom.Po72lif. (ibkLISol) : Kem- peners, De Rom. Pontij'. jirim. (ibid. 1839); Kenriek, The L'l-imarg of the Apostolic See Vindicated (Phila. 1845); Ballcrini, De vi ac ratione primatus (Augsb. 1770, 2 vols.); Barrucl, Du Pope et scs droits (Par. 1803); Roscovany, J>e j}rimatu Rom. Pont, ejusquc juribus (Angsb. 1834) ; Le Maistre, Du Pope (Par. 1820 ; one
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of the principal works from an Ultramontane point of view) ; Kotliensee, Der Primut cles Papstts (^Nlcntz, 1830- 1834, 4 vols.) ; Ellendorf, />er Primut der rum. Pdpste (Darmstadt, 1841 sq., 2 vols.); Gosselin, Pouvoir du Pope Oil Moyen Age (Louvain, 1845, 2 vols. ; also transl. into German and English); Schulte, Die Stellung der Concilieii, Pdpste und Bischufe vom historischen und ca- nonist ischen Standpuncte (Prague, 1871); Baxmann, Gesch. der PoUtik der Pdpste (Leips. 1870, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Lanfre\-, Hist. PuUtique des Papes (Paris, 1873, new ed.) ; W'attenbach, Gesch. des rvmisc/ieii Papstlhums (Berlin, 187G). See also English Rev. vi, 188 sq. ; Blackicood's Mag. jMarch, 1868, p. 289 sq.; Amei: Presb. Rev. Jan. 18G4, art. i; Kitto, Joiirn. of ^ac. Lit. Jan. 1855; Edinh. Rev. July, 1858, art. i; Neic-Englander, July, 18G9, p. 552; Lond. Qit. Rev. Jan. 1875, art. viii; Brit. Qu. Rev. Jan. 1875, art. i ; April, 1875, art. vi. For the literature on the infallibilitv of the pope, see Infallibility. (A. J. 8.)