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Riiius of the Temple of Venus at Old Paphos.
2. New Paphos (fld^oc N«i), now Baffa, wa? seated on the sea, near the western extrcmit}' of the island, and possessed a good harbor. It lay about sixty sta- dia, or between seven and eight miles, north-west of the ancient city (Strabo, xiv, 683). It was said to have been founded by Agapenor, chief of the Arcadi- ans at the siege of Troy (Homer, //. ii, 609), who, af- ter the capture of that town, was driven by the storm which separated the Grecian fleet on the coast of Cy- prus (Pausan. viii, 5, § 3). We find Agapenor men- tioned as king of the Pa- phians in a Greek distich preserved in the Analecta (i, 181, Brunk); and He- rodotus (vii, 90) alludes to an Arcadian colony in Cy- prus. Like its ancient namesake, Nea Paphos was also distinguished for the worship of Venus, and con- tained several magnificent temples dedicated to that goddess. Yet in this re- spect the old city seems to have alwavs retained the
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pre-eminence ; and Strabo Map of the Coast of Cyprus near Paphos. ^\\^ us, in the passage be-
PAPIAS
638
PAPIN
fore cited, th«t the road leading to it from Nea Pa- plios was annually crowded with male and female votaries resorting to the more ancient shrine, and coming not only from the latter place itself, but also from the other towns of Cyprus. AVhen Seneca says {X'jt. Qunst. vi, 26, ep. 01) that Paphos was nearly de- stroj'ed by an earthquake, it is difficult to saj' to which of the towns he refers. Dion Cassius (liv, 23) relates tiiat it was restored by Augustus, and called Augusta in his honor ; but though this name has been preserved in inscriptions, it never supplanted the ancient one in popular use. Tacitus (^Ilist. ii, 2, 3) records a visit of the youthful Titus to Paphos before he acceded to the empire, who inquired with much curiosity into its history and antiquities (comp. Suetonius, Tit. c. 5). Under this name the historian doubtless included the ancient as well as the more modern city; and among other traits of the worship of the temple, he records with something like surprise that the only image of the goddess was a pyramidal stone — a relic, doubtless, of Phoenician origin. There are still considerable ru- ins of New Paphos a mile or two from the sea, among which are particularly remarkable the remains of three temples which had been erected on artilicial emi- nences (Engel, Ki/pros, Berlin, 1H41, 2 vois.).— Smith, Bict. of Class. Geog. s. v. See Pococke, Disc, of the East, ii, 325- 328 ; Ross, Reise nach Kos, Halikarnassos, Rho- des, u. Cgprus, p. 180- 192; Conybeare and Howson, Life and Epis- tles of St. Paul (2d ed.), i, 190, 191; Lewin, St. P«"/, i, 130sq. ; and the and linage of Venus at Pa- works cited above. See
Coin representing the Temple
phos.
Cyprus.
Papias OF Hierapolis, in Phrygia, a noted Christian writer and prelate of the patristic period, is one of the most important witnesses to the authentic- ity of John's Gospel. Papias flourished in the 2d cen- tury, and finally suffered martyrdom. According to Irenajus he was a disciple of the apostle John ; but Eusebius, who quotes (Hist. Eccles. ch. xxxix) the words of Irena?us, immediatelj' subjoins a passage from Papias himself, in which the latter distinctlj^ states tJiat he did not receive his doctrines from any of the apostles, but from the "living voice" of such follow- ers of theirs as "are still surviving." He was an in- timate associate of Polycarp, a bishop in the same province of proconsular Asia ; and as the latter was a disciple of the apostle John, it is probable that Irena^us — a somewhat hasty writer — inferred that his compan- ion must have been the same. The Paschal or Alex- andrian Chronicle states that Papias suffered martj'r- dom at Pergamus, A.D. 161 ; others put the date 165. Eusebius describes him as " well skilled in all manner of learning, and well acquainted with the Scriptures ;" but a little farther on he speaks of him as a man "of limited understanding," and a very credulous chron- icler of "unwritten tradition," who had collected "certain strange parables of our Lord and of his doc- trine, and some other matters rather too fabulous." The work in which these were contained was entitled Aoyiioi> Kvpiaiciov t^ljyijaig (^Five Books of Commenta- ries on the Sayings of our Lord). It is now lost, but fragments of it have been preserved by Irenaius, Eu- sebius, Anastasius Sinaita, Andreas of Caisarea, Max- imus Confessor, and CEcumenius. These fragments are extremely interesting, because of the light which they throw on the origin of the New-Testament Scrip- tures, and their importance may be estimated from the fact that they contain the earliest information which we possess on the subject. Papias is our authority for the statement that the evangelist Matthew drew
up a collection of Christ's sayings and doings in the Hebrew (probabh' Sj'ro-Chaldaic) dialect, and that ever}' one translated it as he was able. There can be no doubt that this is a perplexing statement, suggest- ing as it does the delicate question : " If Papias is cor- rect, who wrote our present Matthew, which is in Greek, and not in Hebrew ?" See Matthew, Gospel OF. Papias also tells us, either on the authority of John the Presbyter, or more probably on that of one of his followers, that the evangelist Mark was tlie in- terpreter (tpn^vtvTijc) of Peter, and wrote "what- soever he [Peter] recorded, with great accuracy." The passage, however, is far from impij'ing that Mark was a mere amanuensis of Peter, as some have asserted, but only, as Valesius has shown, that Mark listened attentively to Peter's preacliing, culled from it such things as most strictlj' concerned Christ, and so drew up his Gospel. According to Eusebius {Hist. Eccles. 'in, 39), Papias was an extreme Millenarian. See Cave, Hist. Litter, s. v. Papias ; Lardner, Works (see Index in vol. viii) ; Alzog, Patrologie, § 17 ; Neander, Hist, of Diigmns ; Iloltzmann, Die si/noptischen Evangel. (Leips. 1863), p. 248-251; Limbach, Das Papias Fragment (1875). See also Stndien u. Kritiken, 1870 ; 1875 ; Melk. Qu. Rev. 1853, p. 487 ; 1866, p. C05 ; Theological Eccles. Rev. iii, 241 ; Christ. Remembrancer, July, 1853, p. 218.