TASEAII
'726
PASIIUR
ever, who visited and carefully surveyed this region, came to the conclusion that the camp of the Philistines must have been west and not east of Shochoh, and he does not therefore identify Ephes-daramim with Da- miui {Handbook for Palestine, p. 2G1). See Elah,
BliOOK OF.
Pase'ah (Heb. Pase'dch, H5S, lame, Sept. ^laaii V. r. Beaarje in 1 Chron. iv, 12, ^aai) in Ezra ii, 49, 4>a- ffi/c in Neh. iii, 6), the name of two men.
1. The second named of three sons of Eshton, among the descendants of Judah (1 Chron. iv, 12), described as " the men of Rechah," which in the Targum of E. Jo- seph is rendered "the men of the great Sanhedrim." B.C. post 1618.
2. The head of a family among the Nethinim who returned with Zerubbabel (Ezra ii, 49; "Phaseah" in Neh. vii, 51). Jehoiada, a member of the family, as- sisted in rebuilding the old gate of the city under Ne- hemiah (Neh. iii, G). B.C. ante 44G.
Pase-Buddhas, a name for the Buddhas who arise in the period in which there is no supreme Buddha, and discover instinctively the way to Nirwana, but are unable to teach it to others. If alms be given to a Pase-Buddha, it produces merit greater by one hundred times than when given to a rakuf. The peculiarities of the Pase-Buddha are thus detailed by Mr. Spence Hardy in his Eastern Jlonackism : " He has attained the high state of privilege that he enjoys by his own unaided exertions, as he has had no one to instruct him. He is called pratyeka, severed or separated, and is soli- tary, alone, like the unicorn; thus his mind is light, pure, free, towards the Pase-Buddhaship, but heavy, dull, bound, towards the state of the supreme Buddhas. He has learned that which belongs to his order, but he understands not the five kinds of knowledge that are perceived by the supreme Buddhas and by no other be- ings; he knows not the thoughts of others; he has not the power to see all things, nor to know all things; in these respects his mind is heavy. Thus a man, whether by day or night, arrives at the brink of a small stream, into which he descends without fear that he may cross over to the other side. But another time he comes to a river that is deep and broad ; there are no stepping- stones by which he can cross ; he cannot see the oppo- site bank. It is like the ocean. In consequence of these obstacles he is afraid to venture into the water; he cannot cross the stream. In the same way the Pase- Buddha is free as to that which is connected with his own order, but bound as to all that is peculiar to the supreme Buddhas."
Pasha, a title used in the Ottoman empire, and ap- plied to governors of provinces, or military and naval commanders of high rank. Tlie name is said to be de- rived from two Persian words— ^)f;, " foot," or support, and shah, " ruler" — and signifies " the support of the ruler." The title was limited in the early period of the Ottoman empire to the princes of the blood, but was subsequently extended to the grand-vizier, the members of the divan, the seraskier, capitan-pasha, the begler- begs, and other civil and military authorities. The dis- tinctive badge of a pasha is a horse's tailwaving from the end of a staff crowned with a gilt ball; in war this badge is always carried before him when he goes abroad, and is at other times planted in front of his tent. The three grades of pashas are distinguished by the number of horse-tails on their standards ; those of the highest rank are pashas of three tails, and include in general the highest functionaries, civil and military. All pa- shas of this class have the title of vizier ; and the grand- vizier is, par excellence, a pasha of three tails. The pashas of two tails are the governors of provinces, who are generally called by the simple title of "pasha." The lowest rank of pasha is the pasha of one tail ; the sanjaks, or lowest class of provincial governors, are of this rank. The pasha of a province has authority over the militarv force, the revenue, and the administration
of justice. His authority was formerly absolute, but recently a check was imposed on him by the appoint- ment of local councils. The pasha is in his own person the military leader and administrator of justice for the province under his charge, and holds office during the pleasure of the sultan — a most precarious tenure, as the sultan can at any moment, in the exercise of his des- potic power, exile, imprison, or put him to death ; and this has frequently been done in cases where the pa- sha's power has excited the apprehension, or his wealth the avarice, of his royal master. — Chambers, s. v.
The word 2>asha does not occur in the A. V. of the Bible, but in the original the identical term iiriQ, pe- chah (rendered "captain," "deputy," "governor"), is applied in 1 Kings x, 15 to the petty chieftains who were tributary to Solomon (2 Chron. ix, 14) ; to the military commander of the Syrians (1 Kings xx, 24), the Assyrians (2 Kings xviii, 24 ; xxiii, 6), the Chal- dieans (Jer. Ii, 23), and the Medes (Ii, 38). Under the Persian viceroys, during the Babylonian captivity, the land of the Hebrews appears to have been portioned out among "governors" (y\^Vi'B, pach6th~) inferior in rank to the satraps (Ezra viii, 36), like the other provinces which were under the dominion of the Persian king (Neh. ii, 7, 9). It is impossible to determine the pre- cise limits of their authority, or the functions Mhich they had to perform. They formed a part of the Bab- ylonian system of government, and are expressly dis- tinguished from the 0^350, seganim (Jer. Ii, 23, 28), to whom, as well as to the satraps, thej^ seem to have been inferior (Dan. iii, 2, 3, 27); as also from the n"i"i'a, .«a- rim (Esth. iii, 12; viii, 9), who, on the other hand, had a subordinate jurisdiction. Sheshbazzar, the "prince" (S^'^irs, Ezra i, 8) of Judah, was appointed by Cj'rus " governor" of Jerusalem (Ezra v, 14), or " governor of the Jews," as he is elsewhere designated (vi, 7), an of- fice to which Nehemiah afterwards succeeded (Neh. v, 14) under the title of Tirshatha (Ezra ii, 63 ; Neh. viii, 9). Zerubbabel, the representative of the royal family of Judah, is also called the "governor" of Judah (Hag. i, l),but whether in consequence of his position in the tribe or from his official rank is not quite clear. Tat- nai, the "governor"' beyond the river, is spoken of by Josephus {Ant. xi, 4, 4) under the name of Sisines, as iirapxoQ of Syria and Phoenicia (comp. 1 Esdr. vi, 3), the same term being employed to denote the Roman pro- consul or propraetor as well as the procurator (Josephus, Ant. XX, 8, 1). It appears from Ezra vi, 8 that tliese governors were intrusted with the collection of the king's taxes; and from Neh. v, 18; xii, 26, that they were supported by a contribution levied upon the peo- ple, which was technically termed " the bread of the governor" (comp. Ezra iv, 14). They were probably assisted in discharging their official duties by a coun- cil (Ezra iv, 7; vi, 6). In the Peshito version of Neh. iii, 11, Pahath ISIoab is not taken as a proper name, but is rendered " chief of Moab ;" and a similar translation is given in other passages where the words occur, as in Ezra ii, 6; Neh. vii, 11; x, 14. The "governor" be- yond the river had a judgment-seat at Jerusalem, from which probably he administered justice when making a progress through his province (Neh. iii, 7). — Smith. See GovERSoa.