Pasqualotto, Constantino, an Italian painter, flourished at Vicenza about 1700. He studied at Ven- ice, and on returning to his native city he executed some tine works for the churches. Lanzi says he was more distinguished for the richness of his draperies and the brilliancy of his coloring than for the correctness of his design. See Spooner, Biog. Jlist. of the Fine Arts, ii, 659.
Pass (or Passe), Crispin de, called the Younger,
a Dutch painter, was born at Utrecht about 1630. Lit- tle is known with certainty of him. He studied design and engraving in 1659. There are only a few prints by him, among which are three of a set of four plates of the History of the Rich Man and Lazurus ; the fourth was engraveil by his father. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine A rts, ii, 660.
Pass (or Passe), Magdalena de, daughter of Crispin de Passe, was born aljout 1583. She learned engraving of her father, and elaborated some small [ilatcs of portraits and other subjects in such a neat, finished style that they possess considerable merit. Among her works are, the Wise and the Foolish Virgins, after Els- heimer; tine. — Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Arts, ii, 661.
Passage, in the A. Y., is the representative in cer- tain places of several forms from the root "i?'", ahdr, to cross: 1, the simple verb (Numb, xx, 21, "give pas- sage," elsewhere usually "pass"); 2, 13S', eber, a cioss- ing (.Josh, xxii, 11; in the plur. Jer. xxii, 20, Aharim [q. v.] ; elsewhere " beyond," etc.) [see also Ereh] ; "!23-"C, maabdr, fem. n^2?^, a transit, either bj' wa- ter (,Judg. xii, 5, 6; Jer. Ii, 32), a ford (as rendered often), or by land, a 7)«.«s through mountains (Isa. x, 29), as at Michmash (q. v.) (1 Sam. xii, 23; xxiv, 4).
PasEalcrynchites, a party of Montanists who observed perpetual silence, giving literal obedience to Psa. cxli, 3 : " Set a watch, O Lord, before my mfiuth ; keep the door of my lips." Jerome found some of them in Galatia, obeying this miserable literalism. Their name is derived from the Greek -KacaaXoQ, a nail, and p/i', a nostril, because when they put their finger to their mouth, which they did to keep their mouth from giving utterance to their thoughts, the}^ touched their nose. The Passalorynchitcs did not even pray audibly.
Passau, a picturesque fortified frontier town of Bavaria, containing 12,000 people, and situated at the confluence of the Inn and the Hz with the Danube, ninety miles east-north-east of Munich, and rising like an amphitheatre on the most beautiful spot of the Dan- ube, is strikingly effective and picturesque. The place is especially celebrated in Protestant Church history, for it was here that the treaty of Passau was signed, Aug. 2, 1552, by the emperor Cliarles V on the one side, and the Protestant princes of Germany on the other, giving public recognition to the Lutheran faith .is among the ecclesiastical institutions of the empire. Among the chief buildings are the cathedral, the bisli- op's palace, the post-office (where the treaty of Passau was signed in 1552); the Jesuits' College, a large build- ing now used as a school; and the church of St. JMi- chael's. In the Cathedral Square (Domplatz) is a bronze statue of king Maximilian Joseph, of recent erection. Passau contains also numerous picture-gal- leries, collections of antiquities, and benevolent and charitable institutions. The natural advantages of this site, in a military point of view, were appreciated at an early period by the liomans, who erected a strong camp here, garrisoned it with Batavian troops, and from this circumstance named it Batava Castra. Passau was long the seat of a bishopric founded in the 7th century, but secularized in 1803. The cathedral of Passau and great part of the town were consumed by fire in 1662. During the Reformation period many advocates of the new cause flourished in Passau, but tlie Jesuits oi Vi- enna, who in 1612 succeeded in establishing a college at Passau. used all means at their command to reinstate Komanism at this place in its wonted glory and power, and they succeeded so well that the Protestant fold has been reduced to a mere trifle. See Spieker, Gesrh. <ks A ugsburger Religionsfriedens (Schlitz, 1854) ; Kanke, Reformationsgesch. vol. vii ; Soames, Hist, of the Ref iii, 747 ; Hefele, Conciliengesch. v, 26 sq. ; Fisher, Hist, of the Ref. p. 167 ; Giescler, Eccles. Hist, iv, 206. See PitoT-
KSTANTISJI ; KkKOKMATION.
PASSAVANTI
T29
PASSEROTTI
Passavanti, Jacopo, an Italian ascetic writer, died June 13, 1357, at Florence, liis native place. He belonged to the order of the Dominicans, and rendered his name celebrated in Italy by a treatise entitled Specc/iio delta vesa peniteiiza, which Leonardi Salviati had printed in 1585. The Academy of La Crusca placed this treatise amonif the classical worivs for its excellence of style, and published an edition of it in 1G8I, which was reproduced in 1725 (Florence, 4to). See F^cliard et Que t if, Script, ord. Pra'dicui. vol. i.— Hoefer, Nuuv. Bioff. Generule, xxxix, SO-l.
Passerani, Ai.beuto Radicati, Cnunt of, was an Italian jihilosopher, born in Piedmont, who liveil in the last century. Attached to the house of liing Victor Amadeus II, he was concerned in the differences which arose between that prince and the holy chair on the subject of consistorial benefices, and wrote against the court of Kome pamphlets so violent tl'.at, in consequence of a suit which was brought against him, the tribunal of the Inquisition ordered the seizure of his goods. But lie was enabled to escape the effect of this judgment, and fled to England, where he allied himself with Col- lins, Tindal, and otlier freethinkers. He died in Hol- land, and bequeathed all that he possessed to the poor. We have several works of his in French, in wliich are found a singidar mixture of invectives against the clergy, plans of reform, and philosophical iilcas; of these we quote Dissertation sur la nwrt (IJotterdam, 1733). This tract, advocating materialism, justifying suicide, and denying human responsibility, was sup- pressed. We quote again of his works a Recueil de pieces curieuses (ibid. 173G, 8vo), and a supposed trans- lation under the title of /,« Belii/ion Moliammedane coin- pai'ee a la Paienne (1737, 8vo). See Factum prefixed to the Recueil of 1736. — Hoefer, Xouv. Biog. Generale, xxxix, 205.