the pupil of Federigo Zucchero, and lived some time in Venice, where he acquired a decided preference for the Venetian school of painting, and especially the works of Paolo Veronese. He acquired a great reputation at Rome, where he was employed by the popes Paul V and Urban VIII ; he jjainted 7 he Crucijixion of St. Peter for the Cajiella Clementina in the great church of St. Peter at the Vatican, for which he was created Cavaliere dell' Abito di Cristo. He spent the latter part of his life at Florence, and he was one of the most influential of those painters who contributed towards the reform of the Flor- entine school by improving the taste for color, and ren- dering the mannered anatomical school less popular. Passignano was the friend and associate of Cigoli, and is said to have been the master of Lodovico Caracci while in Florence. He had many scholars, of whom Pietro Sorri of Siena was the most distinguished. — English Cyclop, s, V. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Ai-ts, vol. i, s. V. Cav. Domenico Cresti.
Passing Bell, the bell which in former times was tolled when any person was dying or passing out of this life. It is tolled in England at the burial of any pa- rishioner, the practice being enjoined in the sixth canon of the Church of England. In th: United States the practice of tolling the bell on the occurrence of death and at the funeral service was formerly very general, but it is gradually becoming rare, especially in large places. In hamlets and villages, where greater intimacy prevails among the people than in the cities, the tolling of the bell to register the death-stroke will probably continue for some time yet. One of the peculiar features of this practice is the notice by the bell of the age of the deceased.
Passion (Gr. Trncrxw, to suffer) expresses really the contrary of action. But first in the plural form, and now even in the singular, the word is used to describe a violent commotion or agitation of the mind — emotion, zeal, ardor. In its widest sense it denotes all the states or manifestations of the sensibility — ever}' form and degree of feeling. In a more restricted psychological sense it is confined to those states of the sensibility which are turbulent, and weaken our power of self-com- mand. This is also the popular use of the phrase, in which passion is opposed to reason, (n.) Plato ar- ranged the passions in two classes, the concupiscible and irascible — iTriGvfi[a and ^vpoq; the ftirmer spring- ing from the body and perishing with it, the latter con- nected with the rational and immortal part of our nat- ure, and stimulating to the pursuit of good and the avoiding of excess and evil. Aristotle included all man's active principles under one general designation of oretic, and distinguished them into the appetite iras- cible, the appetite concupiscible, which had their or- igin in the body, and the body rational Q3ov\i]ait;), which is in the will, under the guidance of reason. Descartes and Malebranche have each given a theory and classification of the passions, also Dr. Isaac Watts, Dr. Cogan, and Dr. Hutcheson and Le Brun. The last named makes the number of passions about twenty : 1. Attention; 2. admiration; 3. astonishment; 4. vener- ation; 5. rapture; G. joy, with tranquillity; 7. desire; 8. laughter; O.acutepain; 10. j)ains, simply bodily ; 11. sadness; 12. weeping; 13. compassion ; 14. scorn ; 15. horror; 16. terror or fright ; 17. anger; 18. hatred; 10. jealousy; 20. despair. All these may be represented on canvas by the pencil. Some make their number greater, adding aversion, love, emulation, etc. ; these, however, may be considered as included in the above list. They are divided by some into public and jiri- vate, proper and improper, social and sellish passions. (b.) The origin of the passions is from impressions on the senses; from the operations of reason, by which good or evil is foreseen ; and from the recollections (jf memory, (c.) The objects of the passions are mostly things sensible, on account of their near alliance to the boiiy ; but objects of a spiritual nature also, though in-
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visible, have a tendency to excite the passions: such as the love of God, heaven, hell, eternity, etc. ((/.) As to the iimocmaj of the passions ; in themselves they are neither good nor evil, but according to the good or ill use that' is made of them, and the degrees to which thev rise, (e.) The usefulness of the passions is consid- erable ; they were given us for a kind of spring or elas- ticitv to correct the natural sluggishness of the corpo- realpart. They give birth to poetry, science, painting, music, and all the polite arts, which minister to pleas- ure ; nor are they less serviceable in the cause of re- ligion and truth. '' When sanctified," says Dr. Watts, " they set the powers of the understanding at work in the search of divine truth and religious duty ; they keep the soul fixed to divine things; render the duties of holiness much easier, and temptations to sin much weaker; and render us more like Christ, and fitter for his presence and enjoyment in heaven." {/.) As to the retjulation of the passions : to know whether they are under due restraints and directed to proper objects, we must inquire whether they intlucnce our opinions; run before the understanding; are engaged in trifiing, and neglectful of important objects; express themselves in an indecent manner; and whether they disorder our conduct. If this be the case, they are out of their due bounds, and will become sources of trial rather than in- struments of good. To have them properly regulated, we should possess knowledge of our duty, take God's Word for our rule, be much in prayer and dependence on the Divine Being, (y.) Lastly, we should study the passions. To examine them accurately, indeed, re- quires much skill, patience, observation, and judgment; but to form any proper idea of the human mind, and its various operations ; to detect the errors that arise from heated temperament and intellectual excess; to know how to touch their various strings, and to direct and employ them in the best of all services — to accomplish these ends, the study of the passions is of the greatest consequence.