" Amid the numerous branches of knowledsje," saj'S Mr. Cogrtu, "which claim the attention of the human mind, no one can lie more important than tliis. Whatever most intimately concerns ourselves must be of the tirst mo- ment. An attention, therefore, to the workings of our own miuds; tracing the power which external objects have over us ; discoieiingthe nature of our emotions and affections; and comprehending the reason of our being affected in a particular manner, must have a direct inltu- ence upon our pursuits, our characters, and our happi- ness. It may with justice be advanced tliat the happi- ness of ourselves in this department is of much greater utility than abstvuser speculations concerning the nature of the human soul, or even the most accurate knowledge of its intellectual powers; for it is according as the pas- sions and aff'ectious are excited and directed towards the objects investigated by our intellectual natures that we become useful to ourselves and others; that we rise into respectability or sink into contempt; that we diffuse or enjoy ha|)piness, diffuse or suffer misery. An accurate analysis nf these passions and affections, therefore, is to the moralist what the science of anatomy is to the sur- geon. It constitutes the first principles of rational prac- tice ; it is, in a moral view, the anatomy of the heart ; it discovers why it beats, and how it beats; indicates ap- pearances in a sound and healthy state; detects diseases with their causes, and it is infinitely more fortunate in the power it communicates of applying suitable reme- dies."
See Hutcheson, Watts, Le Brun, Cogan, and Davan On the Passions ; Grove, ]\[oral PhUos. vol. i, chap, vii ; Keid, Active Poivers of Man; Fordyce, Elements of iforal Philos. ; Burke, On the Sublime and Beauti- ful, p. 50; M'Cosh, IJist. of Scottish Philos.; Ueber- weg, //ist. of Philos. ( see Index in vol. ii ) ; Southern Rev. Oct. 1874, art. iii; New-Englander, Oct. 1872, p. 289.
Passion is a term ecclesiastically applied to our Lord's crucifi.xion (as in Acts i, 3, Tva^HV, sufferinc/, as elsewhere rendered). For the detailed circumstances connected with tiiis event, see Agoxv; Ckucifixiox; Flagellation, etc. jMonographs on the various points may bo seen cited in Volbeding, Index Profirammatum, p. 50, 52, 60, 62 ; Hase, Leben Jesu, p. 158, 174. See
Passion Cross.
also Blunt, Hist. Diet. s. v.; Land. Qu. Rev. Januar}-, 1875, p. 106 sq.; Liddon, Div, of Christ ; Bunsen, Die heilige Leidensr/eschichte (Leips. 1861) ; Farrar, Life of Christ. For the history, see Jesus Chuist.
PASSION, Symbols of the, are numerous, and, al- though rarely seen in the Catacombs and in early sculpt- ure, they are constantly found in churches. They are — the two swords of the apostles, the ear of Malchus, St. Peter's sword, the pillar and cord, the scourge, the crown of thorns, the three dice, the spear, the sponge, the nails, the cross, the thirty pieces of silver, the ham- mer and pincers, the ladder, the lantern, the boxes of spice for embalming, the seamless garment, the purse and the cock; the five wounds are represented by the hands and feet with a heart in the centre, each pierced with one wound, or by a heart alone with five wounds.
Passion Cross, a cross of the form of that on which our Saviour suffered, with a long stem and a short trav- erse near the top. It is of occasional occur- rence as a heraldic charge, though less frequent than many other varieties of cross. A passion cross, when elevated on three steps or de- grees (which have been said by heralds to represent the virtues of Faith, Hope, and Charity), is called a Cross Calvary.
Passion Day. See Good FiunAv.
Passion, Orders of the, were founded in the Church during the Crusades. One of these was origi- nated by king Richard II of England in 1380; another by king Charles VI of France in 1400, composed of sol- diers against the Saracens. They were finally merged into orders of knighthood. A female order of the Pas- sion was founded in 1538 by IMaria Laurentia Longa at Naples, and was composed of nuns. They were gov- erned bv the rule of the Tertiaries of St. Francis. Pope Clement A'lII in 1600, and Gregory XV in 1622, con- firmed this order, and it still exists in Italy. See also Passionists.
Passion Plays. See IMYSTEniES.
Passion Week, a name in Church language for the week preceding Easter, because with it, in strict sense, the commemoration of the passion of Jesus the Christ is observed by the Christian churches that observe hol- idays. The week was by the early Church called Ileb- domas Mar/na, or the Great Week. St. Chrysostom says that it was so called, not because it consisted of longer days or more in number than other weeks, but because at this time great things were wrought for us by Christ; for in this week the ancient tyranny of the devil was dissolved, death was extinct, the strong man was bound, his goods were spoiled, sin was abol- ished, the curse was destroyed, paradise was opened, heaven became accessible, men and angels were joined together, the middle wall of partition was broken down, the barriers were taken out of the way, the God of peace made peace between things in heaven and things in earth. Many of the early Christians were accus- tomed to fast much more strictly in this than in the other weeks of Lent. Fpiphanius says that in his time the people confined their diet during that week to dried meats, namely, bread and salt and water. Nor were these used during the day, but in the evening. In an- other place the same ancient writer says, " Some contin- ue the whole week, making one prolonged fast of the whole; others eat after two days; and others every evening." Chrysostom mentions that during this week it was customary to make a more liberal distribution of alms to the poor, and the exercise of all kinds of charity to those who had need of it. To servants it was a time of rest and libertv, and the same privilege extended to