10. Apocryphal Writings. — In addition to the letters usually given as Paul's, a forged correspondence be- tween him and the philosopher Seneca (six letters of the apostle and eight of Seneca, comp. Jerome, Viri Illustr. xi ; August. Ep. 153) is printed in Fal)ricius (Apocn/ph. ii, 880 sq.). Tliat it is not genuine, see his Bibliolh. Lat. ii, 9 ; Apocryph. N. T. iii, 710 sq. The whole tradition of intimacj' between Paul and Seneca has perhaps grown by conjecture out of Acts xviii, 12 (see Schmidt, Kinleit. ins X. T. p. 268 sq.). Yet it has found a defender in Gelpe {De familiarit<ite qua> Paulo c. Seneca intercessione traditur verisimillima [Leips. 1812]), who is answered by Eckhard (in Miscell. Leips, ix, 90 sq.), in an attempt to sho-w that Seneca was a firm heathen and opponent of Christianity. On otiier writings attributed to Paul, see Fabricius, Aporrypih. ii, 918,9-13 sq. ; iii, 667 sq. ; and B. Elsing. De Pgeude- pigmphis P. Apost. (Leips. 1707). Zeltaer (^Fragment,
PAUL
823
PAUL
PavH quond. perversi d^n'nrrevaTov [Altdorf, 1713]) tliiiiks lie has discovered in the Taliiuul a HeLrew form of prayer composed bj' Paul before his conver- sion. Tischendorf has published the "editio priii- ceps" of the apocrj'phal ^^ Apocalypsis Pauli" in his Apocah/pses Apocrypha; (Lips. 18(JG). Several other ancient apocrj'phal productions are ascribed to Paul, most of which are now lost. Among them were " the Acts of Paul," or "the Preaching of Paul ;" this ap- pears to have formed the conclusion of the so-called '' Preaching of Peter," and dates probably from about the middle of the 2d century. The Acts of Paul and Thecia, the Epistles of Paul to Seneca, with those of Seneca to Paul, and the Epistle to the Laodiccans, were translated by Mr. Jer. Jones, in his work On the Canon. A good translation of the apocryphal epistles to the Corinthians will be found in "Whiston's Aulhen- lic Records. See Smith, Diet, of Or. and Rom. Bv<g. iii, 147. See Apocrypha.
III. Literature. — This is very copious, as the subject is more or less handled in nearly all the Introductions and Commentaries on the New Test., as well as in many treatises on Scripture history and theology in general, and in numerous articles in religious periodi- cals. The most important special treatises have been mentioned in the preceding discussion ; we name be- low only such recent works of considerable extent as relate exclusively to the apostle. For others see Danz, Worterhuch, s. v. ; Darling, Ci/clopadia, col. 1870 sq. ; Malcom, Theological Index, s. v. ; Eeuss, Gesck. d. hcil. Schriff, § 58 sq. ; Volbeding, Index Programma- ium, p. 77 sq.
1. On Paul's Life in general : Menken, Blicke in d. Leh n, etc. (Brem. 1828, 8vo) ; Schiifer, Paidus der Apnslel (Lcips. 1874, 8vo) ; Hemsen, Der Ap. Paiilus (Giitt. 1830, 8vo) ; Schrader, Der A p. Pauhis (Leips. 1830-30, 5 vols. 8vo) ; Scharling, De Paulo Apost. (Hafn. 183G, 8vo); Hessel, LehenPanl. (Leips. 1837, 8vo) ; Tate, Continuous Hist, (in new ed. of Paley's Horai Pcmlinm, Lond. 1840, 8vo) ; Blunt, Hist, of 'St. Paul (new ed. ibid. 1858, 2 vols. 12mo) ; Tholuck, Life and Writings (f Paul (transl. in the Biblical Cab- inet. Edinb. 1859, 12mo) ; Hausrath, Der Ap. Paulus (Heidell). 18G5, 8vo) ; Vidal, St. Paul, sa Vie et ses (Jiuvres (Paris, 18G5, 2 vols. 8vo); Baur, Pauhis der Apostel (2d ed. Leips. 1866, 8vo); Binnej', PauVs Lfe and Ministrg (Lond. 18C6, 12mo) ; Howson, Scenes in the Life of St. Paul (ibid. 18G6, 8vo) ; Bungener, Vie, Qiuvres, et Epitres de St. Paul (Paris, 18G7, 8vo) ; Krenkel, Paulus der .4 /jos^e^ (Leips. 18G9, 8vo) ; Kenan, Vie de Saint Paul (Paris, 1869, 8vo) ; Convbeare and Howson, Life and Ejnst'es of .St. Paul (3d ed. Lond. 1870, 8vo); Neveux, Vie de St. Paul (Paris, 1870, 8vo); I!iv- ingtoH, Paul the Apostle (Lond. 1874, 8vo) ; Lewin, Life and Letters of St. Paul (new ed. ibid. 1874, 2 vols. 4to).
2. On Paul's doctrines as a w hole : jMej'er, Enticicke- lung d. Paul. Lehrbegrijfs (Altona, 1801, 8vo) ; Diihne, idem (Halle, 1835, 8vo) ; Usteri, idem (6th ed. Ziir. 1S51, 8vo) ; Kiibiger (against Baur), De Christologia Paulina (Vratisl. 1852, 8vo); Lipsius, I)ie Paulinische Ilichtfertigungslehre (Leips. 1853, 8vo) ; Whately, Es- says on St. Paul's Writings (8th ed. Lond. and Andover, 1865, 8vo) ; Irons, Christianity as taught hy St. Paul (" Bampton Lecture for 1870," 2d ed. Lend. 1876, 8vo) ; Pflciderer, Der Panlinismus (Leips. 1873, 8vo).
3. On special ]:oints relating to Paul : Saville, Intrc- duclion of Christianity (by Paul) into Britain (Lond. 1861, 8vo) ; Howson, Character of St. Paul (" Hulsean Lectures for 18G2," ibid. 1864, 8vo ; N. Y. 1873, 12mo, new ed.) ; Lasonder, De lingum Paulinm idiomate (Tr. ad Kb. 1866, 8vo) ; Miircken, Paulus und Petrus in Antidchien (Leips. 1866, 8vo) ; Smith, Voyage of St. Paul (:!d ed. Lond. 1866, 12mo); Howson, Metaphors of St. Paul (ibid. 1868, 8vo) ; the same. Companions of St. Paul (ibid. 1871, 8vo).
Paul, FESTIVAL OF THE CosvKUSioN OF, a feast held by the Church of Rome on January 25. See Peter.