PAUL
825
PAUL
there were frequent and particular informations both of more public and secret transactions transmitted thither. He had also contracted a close friendsliip with (Juniillus Oliva, that was secretarj' to one of tlie legates, from wliom he had many discoveries of the practices of the legates, and of their correspondence with Konie; besides many other materials and notes of seme prelates who were at Trent, which he had gathered together. His work came out within fifty 3'ears of the conclusion of the council, when several who had been present there w'ere still alive, and the thing was so recent in men's memories tliat few tiiought a man of so great prudence as he was would have ex- posed his reputation by writing in such a nice manner things which he could not justify. Never was there a man more hated b}' the court of liome than he was, and now he was at thoir mercy if he had abused the world by such falsehoods in matter of fact as have since been charged on his work; but none appeared against him for fifty years" (preface to a book entitled The Policy of Rome, or the Sentiments of the Court and Cardinals there conceriiinrj Rdigion and the Gospel, as they are delivered by Cardinal Pallaviciiu in his History of the Council of Trait (Lond. 1(>8], 8vo). Eanke saj's : " The memory of Paul Sarpi is justly held in high honor tliroughout all Roman Catholic states. He it was that fought for and won the fundamental princi- ples to which we may refer the spiritual privileges which they all enjoy in common. The pope found it hej'ond his power to set him aside." Father Paul is also the author oi A Treatise of beneficiary Matters, or a History of Ecclesiastical Benefices and Reremtes, in which are set forth their Rise and Progress, and the va- rious Means by which they have accrued to the Church, translated, with the notes of Amelot de Houssaie (Westminst. 1727, 8vo). A complete edition of father Paul's works in the original language was published at Verona and Naples in 1701, 1768, and 1790. See, besides the memoir appended to the different editions of father Paul's History of the Comuil of Trent and his collected works, Ranke, Hist, of the Papacy, i, 616 sq. ; Brischar, Beui-theihmg Saipi's n. PallavicinV s (Tiib. 1843, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Werner, Gescli. der apo'ogetischen it. polem. Literatur, iv, 386-579 ; and the references un- der Pallavicixi and Trent (Council of).
Paul VON Bernried. See Paulus von Bern-
EIED.
Paul OF Burgos. See Paulus Burgensis.
Paul t>F Constantinople, a historian of note, was a native of Persia, and is said to have been a disciple of the heresiarch Nestorius. Nothing is known of his personal history except that he was a deacon of tlie Church of Constantinople, and one of the most ardent supporters of Nestorianism at the time of the outbreak of the controversj^ respecting it. He wrote a work, De Jndicio, and apparently' another work, De vera Bono. A fragment of the former is quoted in the proceedings of the Lateran Council, hold under pope IMartin I, A.D. 649 (Actio s. Secretarius V, apnd C' nc'lht, vol. vi, col. 320, ed. Labbe), and by tlic confessor St. Jlaxi- mus, in his Tomiis Dogmaticus adversus Heraclii Ecthe- dn {Opera, ii, 91, ed. Combefis). An extract on the subject indicated by the title of the second work, and from which the existence of the work itself is inferred, is among the E.rcerpta Miscellanea extant in IMS. in the Imperial Library at Vienna. It may be that the title is appropriate only to the extract, and this may have been taken from the work De .fiidido. See Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 4:'.6, i, 426.— Sniitli, Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Biog. and Afythol. iii, 149.
Paul I, Patriarch of Constantinople, was born in Thessalonica, and flourished in the early part of the 4th century. On the death of patriarch Alexander (A.D. 336), Paul, one of tlie presbyters of that Ciiurch, and comparatively a young man, was cliosen to suc- ceed him by the Hoinoouian, or orthodox part}', -while
the Arians were anxious for the election of the deacon JIacedonius, who sought to prevent the election of Paul by some charge of misconduct, which, however, he did not persist in. Both men appear to have been previously marked out for the succession bj' their respective partisans ; and Alexander had, before his death, passed a judgment on their respective characters. The Homoousians had carried their point ; Init the election was annulled by a council summoned by the emperor, either Constantine the Great or his son Con- stantius II, and Paul, being ejected, was banished into Pontus (Athanas. Histor. A rianor. ad Monuclws, c. 7), and Eusebius, bishop of Niccmedia, was apjxiint- ed by the council in his place. On the death of Eu- sebius, who died A.D. 342, the orthodox populace of Constantinople restored Paul, who appears to have been previously released from banishment, or to have escaped to Rome, while the bishops of the Arian party elected Macedonius. The emperor, Constantius II, being absent, the contest led to many disturbances, in which a number of people were killed ; and an at- tempt by Hermogenes, magister militvm, to quell the riot and expel Paul, led to tlie murder of that officer bj' the mob. The emperor immediately returned to Constantinople and expelled Paul, without, however, as jet confirming the election of IMacedonius. Paul hastened hack to Rome and sought the support of Julius I, bishop of that city, who, glad to exercise the superiority implied in this appeal to him, sent him back with a letter to the bishops of the Eastern churches, directing that he and some other expelled prelates should be restored to their respective sees, and bitterlj' accusing those who had deposed him. Paul regained possession of the Church of Constanti- nople, but the Eastern bishops, in a council at Anti- och (A.D. 343), returned a spirited answer to the ar- rogant pretensions of Julius; and the emperor, who was also at Antioch, wrote to Pliilippus, jmvfectus prcetorio, to expel Paul again. Pliilippus, to avoid a commotion, sent the prelate away privatelj' ; but when he attempted to establish Macedonius in possession of the Church, a riot occurred, in wliich above three thousand lives were lost. Paul was banished, accord- ing to Socrates, to Thessalonica, and then into the Western empire, being forbidden to return into the East. But the account of Socrates is disputed, and Tillemont's opinion is probabl_v correct, that it was at this time that Paul was loaded with chains and exiled to Singara, in Mesopotamia, and afterwards to Emesa, in Syria, as mentioned by Athanasius {I. c). If Tille- mont is correct, the banishment into the Western em- pire may probably be referred to the former expulsion of Paul, when he appealed to pope Julius I, or pos- sibly Paul may have been released from banishment and allowed to retire to Rome, which, according to Photius, he did three several times. The cause of Paul and of Athanasius, who was also in banishment, was still supported by the Western Church, and was taken up by the Western emperor Const:ins, brother of Constantius ; and the Council of Sardica (A.D. 347) decreed their restoration. Constantius, however, re- fused to restore them until compelled by the threats of his brotlier ; upon whose death, shortly after, Paul was again expelled b}' Constantius, and exiled to Cu- cusus, in Cappadocia, amid the defiles of tlie Taurus, where, it is said, he was privatelj' strangled by his keepers (A.D. 351), and buried at Ancyra. It was reported that his keepers, before strangling him, at- tempted to starve him to death. Great obscurity hangs over his death ; and it is not clear whether he died bj' violence or disease. But he was regarded by his party as a martyr; and when orthodoxy triumph- ed under the emjieror Theodosius tlie Great, that prince brought his remains in great state to Conftintinople, and deposited them in a church which was subseqnent- I3' called by his name. See, besides Athanasius, Soc- rates, Hist. Eccles. ii, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 22, 23, 26 ;