Generale, xxxix, 530.
Penna, Lorenzo, an Italian organist, was born at Bologna in 1G13. He entered the Order of Carmelites at Mantua, taught theology, and became chapel-master of the church of his order at Parma. His reputation as an organist and didactic writer appears to have been great. He died Oct. 20, 1693. Besides his Messes and his Psaumes concertis, which have had several editions, we have of his works, Li primi labori musicali (Bo- logna, 1656-79, 3 pts. 4to), a treatise reprinted five times, and containing some good things; and Direttorio del canto fermo (INIodena, 1 G89, 4to). See Orlandi, Scrit- tori Bolognesi; Fetis, Biog. univ. des Musiciens. — Iloe- fer, Nouv. Biog. (jhierale, xxxix, 529.
Pennacchi, Pietro Maria, a painter of Trevigi, who, according to Zanetti, flourished at A'enice about 1520. He painted some works for the churches at Ven- ice and Murano, which Lanzi says are more excellent in color than design. See Spooner, Biog, Hist, of the Fine A rts. ii, 670.
Pennafiel, Council of {Concilium Penafelense), was held April 1, 1302, by Gonsalvo of Toledo and his suffragans. Fifteen articles were published, tending to repress those abuses which are noticed in the councils of this age, viz. incontinence among the clergy, usury, etc. Among other things, it was enacted, by canon 12, that in every church the "Salve Pcgina"' sliould be siuig after compline. By canon 8, that the priests should make with their own hands the bread to be con- secrated at the Eucharist, or cause it to be made by other ecclesiastics in their own presence. By canon 7, that tithe should be paid of all lawful property, thereby to recognise the universal sovereignty of God. See Labbi', Concilia, xi, 2444.
Pennaforte, Raymond ok, a celebrated ecclesias- tical character of the 13th century, was born at Barce- lona, and was educated at the university of his native place from 1204 to 1210. He then went to Bologna, and there taught for some time. Ere he had left home he had been vicar-general of his native jilace. On his re- turn he entered the Dominican Order, then but recently founded. By request of his superiors he wrote Summa casuum panitentia'. In 1230 pope Gregory IX called him to Rome, and made him his chaplain and confessor. His holiness also intrusted him with a collection of the papal decisions not given by Gratian, and they were published under the title Decretalium Gregorii IX com- pilatio. In 1235 he was elevated to the archbishopric of Tarragona, but he refused the honor, and retired to his convent. In 1238 he was, however, obliged to ac- cept the honor of a general of his order. But though he accepted the office, he finally resigned it, and de- voted himself to the conversion of JMoors and Jews, and to his studies. He died Jan. 6, 1275. Pope Clement
PENNEY
899
PENNY
VIII enrolled him among the saints, and he is commem- orated Jan. 20. See Butler, Lives of the Saints. Jan. 20, vol. i. (J.H.W.)
Penney, Joseph, D.D., a Presbyterian divine, was born in Ireland in 1790. He graduated at the uni- versity in Dublin, emigrated to the United States, and in April, 1822, was settled as pastor over the First Pres- byterian Church, Rochester, N. Y. ; in 1832 he removed to Nortliampton, Mass., and subsequently became presi- dent of Hamilton College, N. Y. But he soon again exchanged the rostrum lor the |iulpit, and became pas- tor of the Church at Nyack, N. Y. In 1839 he removed to Grand Rapids, Mich., and afterwards preached at Pontiac, Mich. He died March 20, 1800. Dr. Penney's life was laborious and useful; he was greatly beloved wherever he was located. He was the author of a work on Education, and published a number of fugitive theo- logical articles in periodicals. See \Vilson, Presb. Hist. Almanac, 1801, p. 105; Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and Amer. A uthors, vol. ii, s. v. (J. L. S.)
Penney, Nicholas, a French engraver of the last century, has left some plates treating of devout subjects from his own designs, executed with the graver in a very neat style, but without much effect, among which is one of the Virgin appearing to St. Bartholomew. They are marked "jST. Penney fecit." See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Arts, ii, 070.
Penni, Giovanni Francesco, an eminent Ital- ian painter, was born at Florence in 1488, and received the name of II Fattore, or the Steward, I'rom his having been intrusted with the management of the domestic affairs of Kaffaelle. He was, however, also one of his principal assistants, and probably bore the surname II Fattore because he was also Raffaelle's apprentice. He was first emploj'ed in the decoration of the Loggie of the Vatican, where he executed the histories of Abra- ham and Isaac in such an admirable manner that Raf- faelle made him one of his heirs. Dr. Waagen is of opinion that Penni executed many parts of the cartoons at Hampton Court, especially those o{ i\\& Death of An- anias, *S7. Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, and St. Paul Preaching at A thens. Of Penni's own works no frescos and very few oil-paintings remain. His characteristics are said to have been facility of invention, graceful exe- cution, and singular felicity in landscape. After the death of Raflfaellc, Penni went to Naples, where he died in 1528. Kugler and Passavant attribute to Penni the celebrated Madonna del Passeggio in the Bridgewater collection, usually believed to be Raffaelle's. See Spoon- er, Biog. Hist, (f the Fine Arts, vol. ii, s. v.