dent of Syria, with orders from Caius to set up his statue in the Temple. This insult caused the whole nation to rise. The intercession of Agripjia, and ultimately the death of the tyrant, j)revented this order from ever be- ing executed (i'Wc/. xviii ; ir«/-, ii, 10; V\\\\n, Leg. ad Caium, 26). In the Acts it is recorded that ihe church- es had rest through all Juda-a, (ialilee,and Samaria (ix, 31), doubtless owing to the impious attempt of Caligula (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 8, 2-9). Under Claudius, who succeeded to the throne in A.D. 41. the Jews had some peace. Agrippa I was nominally king from that period to A.D. 44, when he died, leaving one son. Claudius wished to allow the young Agrippa to rule his father's kingdom, but, evidently by persuasion, sent a Roman procurator to govern the j)rovince (Tacit. Hist, v, 9). Cuspius Fadus was the first appointed (Josephus, Av*. xix, 9, 2: XX, 5, 1), A.D. 45. It was under his adminis- tration that a movement of the whole Jewish people broke forth, in consequence of the sacred vestments be- ing placed under his charge. Longinus, the governor of Syria, interfered, an embassy was sent to Rome, and the matter ended in the Jews being permitted to retain these vestments under their care. Judaea was cleared of robbers by the care and providence of Fadus (iUd. XX, 1, 1, 2). He was succeeded by Tiberius Alexander, a renegade Jew, and nephew of Philo (ibid, xx, 5, 2; War, ii, 11, 6). In A.D. 49 Tiberius was recalled, and Ventidi^s Cumanus appointed in his stead. During his government a fearful tumult ensued, which would have spread far and wide had not Quadratus, the governor of Syria, interfered. The matter ended in the banish- ment of Cumanus and the appointment of Felix, the brother of Pallas, the favorite of Claudius, as procu- rator (Ant. XX, 6; 7, 1 ; War, ii, 12 ; comp. Tacit. Ann. xii, 54). Felix was procurator A.D. 53-55. Of his government Tacitus speaks: "Per omnem saevitiam ae libidinem jus regium servili ingenio exercuit" (Hist. V, 9), and his corruptness is shown by his expecting to receive money from St. Paul (Acts xxiv, 26). He had induced Drusilla, the daughter of Agrippa I. to live with him. She was with him when Paul preached " of right- eousness, temperance, and judgment to come" (ver. 25). Felix, however, did some good services while he was in power; for, the country being infested with robbers and impostors, he cleared several parts of it. He also drove out the Egyptian impostor (comp. Acts xxi, 38). These are, doubtless, the very worthy deeds alluded to by Tertullus (xxiv, 2). Bearing ill-will against Jonathan, the high-priest, Felix had him barbarously murdered. By treachery, also, he put to death Eleazar, the captain of a company of robbers (Josephus, Ant. xx, 8, 5). At last his misgovernment caused his recall, and Porcius Festus succeeded. His government seems to have been milder (ibid, xxi, 8, 9; War, ii, 14, 1 ). He heard Paul with king Agrippa at Caesarea (Acts xxv. xxvi). Festus died after two years. He was succeeded by Al- binus, a bad and cruel man, who, on hearing that Ges- sius Florus was coming to succeed him, brought out all the prisoners who seemed most worthy of death, and put them to death, and at the same time released many of them, but only on receiving a bribe (Jose- phus, Ant. XX, 9, 5; War, ii, 14, 1). He was recalled in A.D. 65, and Gessius Florus appointed in his stead. He was the last and the worst of the IJonian procura- tors (Ant. XX, 9, 1 ; 11, 1 ; War, ii, 14, 1). Josephus does not hesitate to accuse him of the most flagrant and horrid crimes (.4?)^ xx, 11,1; War. loe. cit.); and even Tacitus says that the Jewish patience could en- dure the yoke no longer — "diiravit patientia Juda-is usque ad (iessium Florum" (Hist, v, 10). In A.D. 66, Cestius Gallus, the pnefect of Syria, found it necessary to march a powerful army into Palestine. He was, how- ever, defeated with great loss, and immediately sent word to Nero, laying the whole blame on Florus — Flo- rus, likewise, laying the blame on him. He soon after- wards died, as some have supposed, from chagrin or dis- appointment (Josephus, Wur, ii, 19; Sueton. Vesp. 4;
ROMAN EMPIRE
88
ROMAN EMPIRE
Tacit. Jfist. v, 10). See Governor. The following year Nero sent Vespasian into Ju(la?a (Josephus, War, iii, 1, "2). (Accounts of the war and siege of Jerusalem will be found in the article Jkkusalem.) In 68, Nero died; Galba, Otho, and Yitellius followed in quick suc- cession ; and Vespasian himself was elected emperor by the legions in Judrea. In A.D. 70, Titus was sent by his father to conduct the war; and after a four months' siege Jerusalem was taken. Josephus states tliat 1,100,- 000 were killed during the siege (^ihkl. vi, 0, 3), that several were allowed to depart, and an immense num- ber sold to the army and carried captive. These num- bers are of course exaggerated See Luke xxi, 24:.
Under Trajan the Jews again broke out into open revolt, and the disturbances continued under Hadrian. At last, A.D. 131, one Bar-cocheba, the son of a star, was placed at the head of the Jews. Several times the Ro- man arms were defeated ; but Julius Severus, by reduc- ing their fortresses one by one, finally defeated him in A.D. 135. Dion Cassius says that 580,000 Jewish peo- ple were slain in these battles (Ixix, 14), This state- ment is as extravagant as that of Josephus (lU sup.).