Rouel (or Rowel) Light is a device for moving the star in the Epiphany play of The Three Kings with a pulley-wheel {roue^, as the spiked wheel in a spur is called rowel.
Rougemont, Fran(,'OIS de, a French Jesuit mis- sionary, was born at Maestricht in 1624. In 1641 he joined the Jesuits, and, as was customary, was for a time employed in teaching, but at his urgent request was finally sent as a missionary to Cliina with several of his brethren. They arrived in that country in 1659, and for some j'ears Rougemont had charge of several churches and missionary stations in the province of Nankin. During the persecution of 1664 he was, with many others, carried in chains to Pekin, and thence to Canton, where he was for a long time held prisoner. But an edict of the emperor Kang-hi gave him liberty in 1671, and he returned to his work of preaching and teaching. Rougemont died at Taitsang-tchow in 1676. His writings are, JJistoria. Tartaro-sinica Nova (Lou- vain, 1 673) ; this was written in the prison at Canton : — Abrege de la Doctrine Chretienne: — Questions stir les Mceurs du Siecle. The two last were written in Chi- nese, and have never been translated. See Sotwel, Bibl. Scriptor. Soc. Jesu. — Hoefer, Noun. Biog. Gene- rale, s. V.
Rouille, Pierre JuLiEN, a French Jesuit, was born at Tours in 1681, and died in 1740. He was one of the authors or compilers of Memoires de Trevoux.
Roumania. See Russia; Turkey.
Roumanian (or Wallachian) Version. The people for whom this version was made are descendants of the Dacians, and of the Roman colonists who settled in the country after its subjugation by Trajan. In con- sequence of their Roman origin, the Wallachians style themselves Riinunije, and are commonly known to otlier nations as the Rouman race. The language spoken l)y that people contains a large number of pure Latin words,
ROUND CHURCHES
142
ROUSSEAU
but about half of the Wallachian words are borrowed from the Greek, the Turkish, and the Slavonian. The first translation of the Scriptures into that language was made by the metropolitan Theodotius, and was printed in 1(508 at Bucharest; while prior to this, in 1648, the New Test, had been published in Belgrade. Another edition was published in 1714, and a third, at Blaje, in Transylvania, in 1795. In the year 1816 the Russian Bible Society undertook an edition of 5000 copies of the Wallachian New Test., which was soon followed by other editions. In 1838 the British Bible Society published a revised edition of the New Test., and since that the entire Bible has been translated and published in that language at the expense of the Brit- ish and Foreign Bible Society. See Dalton, Das Gehet des Herrn in den Spracken Russlands, p. 45 ; Bible of Every Land, p. 279 sq. (B. P.)
Round Churches were imitations of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, the nave being round and form- ing the vestibule of an oblong chancel, as in the Tem- plars' churches at Laon, IMetz, and Segovia, 1208. Oth- er examples are found in Ludlow Castle, Cambridge, Northampton, of the end of the 12th century; Little Maplestead (built by the Hospitallers), St. Gereon's, Cologne, of the 13th century; Treves, Bonn, Aix-la- Chapelle (a copy of St. Vitalis, Kavenna, and more re- motely of St. Sophia, Constantinople). Salamanca, St. Be- nignus at Dijon, London, built in 1185; Neuvy St. Sep- ulchre, cir. 1170 ; Lanleff, Rieu Minervois, of the close of the Uth century; Brescia, Pisa, Rome, Bergamo, Bologna, Thorsager, and several other churches in Scandinavia. In many cases the shape may have been merely a me- chanical contrivance to carry a dome. Circular churches occur of all dates, and distributed over most parts of Eu- rope.either insulated as baptisteries, in a my stical allusion to the Holy Sepulchre, attached as chapels to churches, or existing as independent buildings. They are some- times of a simple round or polygonal form, either with- out recesses, except an apse or pordi, such as the church of Ophir, Orkney, and the baptistery of Canterbury, or with radiating recesses, rectangular or apsidal, as the baptisteries of No vara and Frejus. Sometimes a cir- cular or polygonal centre is supported by pillars, and surrounded by an aisle of corresponding form : this aisle is repeated at St, Stephen's, Rome, and Charroux. The Crusaders, or pilgrims, imitated the plan of the Sepul- chre of Jerusalem, surrounded by a circular church, and the Martyrdom, or place of the crucifixion, by a chan- cel eastward of a round nave. At Bury St. Edmund's, at the close of the 11th century, the abbot removed the body of St. Edmund from the "round chapel" to the new church ; and this circular termination is still seen in Becket's Crown at Canterbury, at Sens, Burgos, Ba- talha, Murcia, and Drontheim. After the middle of the 13th century round churches were no longer built. Almost all the German churches of the time of Charle- magne were circular, like Aix, Nimeguen, Petersburg, and Magdeburg. — Walcott, Sac. Archceul. s. v.
Round To'wers occur of the time of Justinian, attached to the Church of St. ApoUinaris-ad-Classem, in Verona ; two in the same city, cir. 1047 ; others of minaret-like shape, and divided by string courses, at St. Clary's and St. Vitalis', Ravenna; also at Pisa, Bury, near Beaiivais, and at St. Desert, near Chalons-sur-Sa- one. Tlie French round towers appear to have come from the north of Italy. In the 9th century they were erected at Centula, Charroux, Bury, and Notre Dame (Poictiers), Gernrode, and Worms. Those of Ireland are mainly of the 11th or 12th century, though some are of an unknown date, and were at once treasuries, belfries, refuges, and places of burial. Round towers are found in East Anglia, at Rickingale Inferior, at Welford and Sheftbrd, Bucks ; ^\'elford, (iloueestershire (13th century); in tlie Isle of Man, at Bremless, Bre- conshire, Brechin, built by Irish ecclesiastics (cir. 1020) ; Abernethy, and Tchernigod, near Kief (cir. 1024).