Rousseau's works were very numerous, the botanical and musical writings, among others, being especially worthy of recognition. Editions of his writings are likewise numerous ((Jeneva, 1782-90, 17 vols. 4to, or 35 vols. 8vo ; Paris, 1793 - 1800, 18 vols. 4to, etc. German editions bj' Cramer, (ileich, and others). Additional matter was furnished by Musset-Pathay, in (Kuvres hiediics de ./. ./. Rousseau (Paris, 1825), and by iNIars Michel Rey, in Lettres Inedites de./. J. Rousseau (Amst. and Paris, 1858). Musset-Pathay also wrote a His'oii-e de la Vie et des Ouvrages de J. .J. Rousseau (ibid. 1821). See also (iiranliu, *S'(//- la Mort de J. J. Rousseau (ibid. 1824); XiUenwn, Cou7-s de Litteralui-e Frangaise {Wnnt- deuxieme Le^ou); the Wo)-ks on the history of litera-
ROUSSEL
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ture by Vinet, Demogeot, etc.; Schmidt- Weissenfels, Gesch. d. franz. RevolutionsUteratur ( Prague, 1859 ). p. 16 sq. — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v. See also Hoe- fer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Roussel, Gerard (Lat. Gerardus Rn/iis), bishop of Oleron, in France, and reformer, was born at Vaquerie, near Amiens, and became a student at Paris, where Le- fevre d'Etaples convinced him that man is saved only through faith in God's mercy, but that such faith may consist with the practice of the external forms of Ko- manism, they being regarded as indiflferent matters. When Lefevre was accused of heresy and obliged to flee to bishop Bri(jonnet of JMeaux in 1521, Koussel followed, and remained at Meaux until compelled to seek a refuge against imprisonment for heresy himself, when he es- tablished himself in the house of Capito at Strasburg. In 1526 Francis I recalled tiie fugitives, and Roussel be- came court preacher to Margaret of Orleans, in that po- sition faithfully preaching evangelical doctrines, but re- taining the usages of Rome. On the marriage of Mar- garet with the king of Navarre (1527), Roussel became her confessor. In 1530 he obtained the rich abbey of Clairac. In 1533 his patroness invited him to preach in the Louvre, which he did amid great popular agita- tion. Many Romanists were expelled the city, and Roussel, on the other haiul, was imprisoned, but after- wards released and forbidden to preach. He returned with his protectress to Beam, and soon afterwards ob- tained the bishopric of Oleron, for accepting which Cal- vin censured him strongly, because his new position would compel him to tolerate abuses which he had for- merly condemned. Roussel, however, did what he could for the welfare of his diocese, while holding an inter- mediate position between Rome and the Reformation. He explained the Bible in his sermons, celebrated mass in the vernacular, administered the commtmion under both kinds, made provision for the Christian training of the young, and devoted his rich revenues to the sup- port of the poor. He also wrote Expositions, in dialogue form, of ihe Apostles' Creed, the Decalogue, and the Lord's Prayer, as guides to his clergj' in the conduct of cate- chetical instruction. In this work Roussel occupied tlioroughly evangelical ground, if a few concessions in regard to ceremonies be set aside. The only appeal is to the Bible; Christ is represented as the only head of the Church ; faith in him as the only condition of salva- tion. The Church triumphant is the only perfect Church, and of visible churches that alone is a true Church in which the Gospel is preached in its purity, and in which the sacraments, of which there are but two, are proper- ly administered. A subsequent tract on the Lord's sup- per taught the impartation of Christ's glorified body in the sense of Calvin, with whose theology the views of Roussel had much in common, particularly in the feat- ure of an absolute predestination. The Sorbonne ex- tracted a number of propositions from these works and condemned them as heretical, as it had already done the sermon in the Louvre; but before the sentence was pro- nounced Roussel had ended his career. In the spring of 1550 he had preached a sermon before a sjMiod held at Mauleon, in which he advocateit a reduction in the number of saints' days, wliich excited the rage of the Romish fanatics present to such a degree that they broke down the pulpit in which he stood, and injured him so severely in tiie process that he died soon after- wards. In addition to the works referred to, Roussel published, in early life, a Latin translation of Aristotle's Ethics, and a Commentary accompanying an edition of the arithmetic of Boutins, which was designed to elu- cidate the mystical signification of numbers. See C. Schmidt, Gerard Roussel, Predicateur de la Reine Mar- guerite de Navarre (Strasburg, 1845). — Herzog, Real- Encyklop. s. V. See also Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale,
8. V.
Roustan, Antoixe Jacques, a Swiss Protestant minister and writer, was born at Geneva in 1734. For IX.— K
twenty-six years (1764-90) he was minister of a Swiss church in London. He wrote, Lettres sur VElat Present de Christianisme, etc. (Lond. 1763, i'imo; in English, 1775, 8vo).
Routh, Martin Joseph, an English clergyman and educator, was born at South Elmham, Suflblk, Sept. 15, 1755. He matricidaled as a battler at Queen's College, Oxford, May 31, 1770 ; in July, 1771, was elected a demy of St. Mary Magdalen College, and fellow in July, 1776. He was appointed college librarian in 1781, senior proc- tor in 1783, junior dean of arts in 1784 and 1785, was made bachelor of divinity July 15, 1786, and college bursar in 1791. He became president of Magdalen College, April 11, 1791, which position he retained until his death (Dec. 22, 1854). In 1810 he became rector of Tylehurst, near Reading, wliere he retired for rest at certain seasons of the year. His works were distin- guished by profound scholarship and great critical acu- men. His works are: Platonis Euthydemas et Gorgias, etc. (Oxf. 1784, 8vo) -.—Reliquue Sacrce (1814-18,4 vols.; later ed. 1846-48, 5 vols.) : — Bishop Burnet's Histoi-y of his Own Time (1823, 6 vols. 8vo), annotated. — Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. Authors, s. v.