While Prussia profited so richly from the persecu- tions of these Salzburgers, the persecuting archbishop was foiled in his real, sole purpose. Instead of tilling his treasury, he actually emptied it. It was only im- perfectly that he could supply his deserted fields and mines with new laborers ; and those whom he did ob- tain were, many of them, indolent and mendicant. In addition, there came upon him a debt of 11,000,000 flor- ins for the Austrian troops which he had employed to oppress and expel his subjects. The results were an impoverished land and a heavier taxation upon the re- maining Catholics, while the. emigrants were entirely freed from all imposts and taxes for full ten years. Also other lands profited from this persecution. Wiirtem- berg, Holland, Sweden, Russia, England, and America (Georgia) received large numbers of the exiles ; so that the number actually lost to Salzburg by the folly of archbishop Anton was over 30,000. Since tins ajra of persecution Salzburg has held a much less prominent place in European history. The territory was secular- ized in 1802. In 1815 the most of it was given to Aus- tria. In 18-19 it became a separate crown-land of Aus- tria. See Gockling, Eiiiir/rationsf/eschichte von Sulz- hurg (Leips. 1734) ; Pause, Geschickte der A uswanderimi/ der evangelischen Salzburger (ibid. 1827) ; Herzog, Real- Eacyklop. xiii, 34G-359. (.1. P. L.)
Sam, Conrad, known in German history as " the Reformer of Ulm," was born at Rothenacker in 1488. He studied Latin at Ulm, and in 1498 matriculated at Tiibingen. In 1520 he was preacher at Brackenbeim, near Heilbronn, and tlioroughly devoted to the Refor- mation. Luther corresponded with him, and sent to him regularly liis publications. Copies still exist with Luther's autograph : "An den Sam, Pf. zu Brackenheim, M. Luther, Dr." In 1524 he was driven away from Brackenheim, but found protection in Ulm, and an open door to preach the new doctrines. Here his laliors re- sulted in the complete victory of Protestantism. His stentorian voice, his popular st\dc aiul wit, tilled the great cathedral with the eager populace. But soon great trials began. The eucharistic strife broke out. Sam gradually turned from Luther's views to the sim- pler and more radical doctrine of Zwingli, with whom, as also with Blarer, Bucer, and (Ecolampadius, he en- tered into close correspondence. After manj' struggles, the local authorities of Ulm were brought to consent to a formal reformation of Church rites and doctrine. The mass was al)olished, images removed, cloisters closed, and the Zwingliau doctrines accepted. But victory,
after seven years of valiant contest, was in its results for Sam fully as serious and full of danger as had been the open contest. So soon as the crown of victory was gained, the interest of the masses in religion cooled off; attendance on the sermons declined; vice reigiu'd atnong high and h)w; the duties of Sam taxed his powers to the utmost; and, worse than all, the zeal of the op- pressed party burst forth with new life. Romanists Hocked out to ever}- neighboring village to joii\ in their old rites; and High Lutherans labored in the same di- rection. In 1533 the health of the laborious preacher began to break down. Twice he rose from his sick-betl to proclaim the Gospel afresh. It was too much. On June 20 he rested from his labors. See Keim, Reform. der Reichsstadt Ulm (1851) ; Herzog, Rml-Encgklup. xx, 670-C82. (J. P. L.)
Sani'ael {"^.a^iaiiX v. r. ^aXajxiliX'), a corrupt form (Judith viii, 1) of the Heb. name (Numb, i, G) Shelu-
MIKI> (((. v.).
Saniai'as (Sa/iai'e, hut v. r. in Tobit Sf^sac, ^e- jitXiag, etc.), a Graicized form for the name Shemaiah (q. v.): a. a Levite (1 Esdr. i, 9), in the reign of Josiah (2 Chron. xxv, 9 ) ; h. an Israelite (1 Esdr. viii, 39) of the "sons" of Adonikam (Ezra viii, 13); c. a "great" personage, father of Ananias and Jouathas (Tobit v, 13). .
Samariceaus, in Chinese mythology, are an order of saints who are given to self-contemplation. Fo, or Fohi, teaches that the essence of all things consists in the nothing and the vacuum, and that men return into the nothing, there first to attain to blessedness. The Samanajans occupy the last stage in the progress to- wards this nihilistic blessedness. He who has advanced to this stage need no longer worship the gods; he is delivered from his passions, lives in a state of constant self-contemplation, and dies only that he may be incor- porated with the great soul of the world. — VoUmer, Worterb. d. Mytlwl. s. v.
Satnanera is the name given to a novice among the Buddhists. It is derived froin sramcma, an ascetic. He must be at least eight years of age, and must have received the consent of his parents to his abandonment of the world. He cannot receive ordination until he is twenty years of age, nor before he has reached that age can he perform any religious rite, nor is he allow- ed to interfere in matters of discipline or government. The vow of a Saraanera is in no case revocable. — Garil- ner, Faiths of the World, s. v.
Sama'ria [strictly Samari'a'\, City of (Heb. Shomeron' , "jTiplU, watch, so called probablj' from its commanding site, as well as bj' alliteration with its original owner's name; Chald. Shomra'yiii, "|']"l'i30, Ezra iv, 10, 17 ; Sept., New Test., and Josephus, usually Safifipeia, as Ptokmy; but some copies of the Sept. often have "S.aj.iapia, and occasionally '2fi.n]p('ov or 2o- fxopiov; and Josephus once [.l»^ viii, 12, 1 ] }iii^icipeo>v\ an important place in Central Palestine, famous as tlie ca|>ital of the Northern Kingdom, and later as giving name to a region of the country and to a schismatic sect. (The following account is in part coni|iiled from the articles in the dictionaries of Kitto and Smith.) See Israel, Kingdom oI''.