Sand'wich Islands, or Hawaiian Islands, the most northerly cluster of the Polvnesian Archipelago, containing twelve islands. The chain extends about 360 miles from south-east to north-west, and lies in the Pacific Ocean between lat. 18° 55' and 22° 20' N., and long. 154° 55' and 160° 15' W. The largest island is Hawaii, containing 4040 square miles; but Oahu, more central and having a good harbor, is the seat of govern- ment and the commercial centre. The population of the islands was estimated by Cook at 400,000 — doubt- less an exaggeration. In 1832 the official census gave 130,313, in 1850, 84,165; in 1860, 69,800; and in 1872, 56,899. This decrease is due to many causes, of which those now principally active may be traced to their con- tact with the whites. "Before missionary operations commenced, the people were, if not in the lowest state of barbarism in which men are ever found, yet certainly in a very low state of intellectual, social, and moral de- basement. With no written language; with no com- fortable dwellings; with very little clothing; with the family constitution in ruins, unmitigated licentiousness universal, and every wild passion indulged without re- straint; the people were 'a nation of drunkards,' with no laws or courts of justice. The people of all ranks were much under the influence of superstitious fears, and their religion, in connection with the cruel rites of idol-wor- ship, was in a great measure a tabu system — i.e. a sys- tem of religious prohiliitions and consecrations, which had extended itself very widely, and had become ex- ceedingly burdensome under the direction of kings and priests who use the system to accomplish their own purposes" (Newcomb). Vancouver, who arrived with Cook in 1778, and returned in 1792, and again in 1794, made sincere attempts to enlighten the natives. His instructions were not forgotten, and, by a spontaneous movement, the whole nation rose up to destroy their idols and temples (1819-1820). The first missionaries to these islands were from America — Hiram Bingham and Asa Thurston, of Andover Theological Seminar)'. They arrived at Kailua, April 4, 1820, only a short time after the decisive battle had been fought which had subdued the party supporting idolatry. In 1822 the language was reduced to writing, since which time more than 200 works, mostly educational and religious, have been published in Hawaiian. Tlie total number of Protestant missionaries sent to the islands, clerical
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and lay, including their wives, is laC — at an expense, up to "l8G9, of f l,'2-20,000. The whole number of per- sons admitted to the Hawaiian Protestant churches up to 1873, inclusive, was 67,792; and the total memljer- ship of the same churches in 1873 was 12,283. In 182(5, John Alexius Aug. Bachelot was appointed apostolic pre- fect of the islau<ls, and arrived at Honolulu, July 7, 1827, with two other priests and four laymen. They landed without permission from the authorities, and counte- nanced and encouraged those who became their adher- ents in various violations of the laws. The government at last (Dec, 1831) sent them away to California; but in 1831) the French government sent a frigate to Hono- lulu, and compelled Kamehameha III to declare the Catholic religion free to all. The whole number of the Catholic population of the islands in 1872 was stated to be 23,000 — probably an exaggeration. An English Re- formed Catholic mission was sent out in 1862, and met with favor from Kamehameha V. An Anglican bishop of Hawaii was appointed, who remained until 1870. Since his return in that year the interest in the mission has decreased and its success is small. See Appleton's New A nier. Cyclop, s. v. ; Newcomb, Cyclop, oj" Missions, s. v.
Sandys (or Sandes), Ed-wriu, D.D., an English prelate. He was born at Ilawkshead, Lancashire, Eng- land, in 1519, and educated at St. Jolm's College, Cam- bridge, where he became influenced in favor of the Ref- ormation. He was junior proctor of the university in 1542, was elected master of Catharine Hall in 1547, and was about the same time vicar of Haversham, Bucks; made doctor of divinity and prebend of the Ca- thedral of Peterborough in 1548, and of Carlisle in 1552; vice-chancellor of Cambridge in 1553. Having espoused the cause of Lady Jane Grey, he was thrown into the Tower in 1553, and remained there twenty-nine weeks. He escaped and fled to the Continent in 1554. On the death of Mary, he returned to England, and was ap- ])ointed by Elizabeth one of the nine Protestant divines wiio were to hold a disputation before both houses of Parliament with the same number of the Romish per- suasion. He was made bishop of Worcester in 1559, of London in 1570, and archbishop of York in 1576. He died July 10, 1588. He wrote Sermons on Various Oc- casions (Lond. 1585, 4to; 1616, 4to; Cambridge, 1841, 8vo). He assisted in the translation of the Scriptures known as the " Bishop's Bible," and was one of the com- missioners appointed to revise the Liturgv. See Whit- aker. Life of Edwin Sandys ; Allibone, Did. Brit, and A mer. A iithors, s. v.
Sandys, Ed^win, Sir, son of archbishop Sandys, was born at Worcestershire about 1561. He was edu- cated, imder Hooker, at Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; made probationer fellow in 1579, and prebendary of York in 1581. Having supported the succession of James I, he was knighted by that monarch in 1603. He was an influential member of the second London Company for Virginia, and was its treasurer in 1619; but Spanish influence was exerted against him, and in 1620 king James forbade his re-election. He was the author of a work entitled Enropw Speculum, or a View on Sui'vey of the State of Relir/ion in the Western Part of the World, etc. (1605, 4to, with numerous later edi- tions) : — The Sacred Hymns, consisting of Fifty Select Psalms of David, etc. (1615, 4to). It is uncertain whether this version was performed by Sir Edwin or by some other of tlie same name (Woo(\, A then. 0:con. [Bliss's ed.], ii, 474). See Allibone, Diet. Brit. andAmer. A uihors, s. v.; Apph'ton''s Cyclop, s. v.