San-Giorgio, Gianantoxio pi, an Italian prelate, was born at Milan in 1439. Having completed his studies at the University of Pavia, he opened a school of canonical law in that city, but at the end of six years returned to ^lilan. He there became a member of the College of Jurists, afterwards provost of the basilica of St. Ambrose, and in 1479 was made bishop of Alexandria. In 1493 Alexander YI bestowed upon him the cardinal's hat, and transferred him in turn to Parma, Frascati, Al- bano, and Sabina. This prelate was employed by the popes in various negotiations, and was a man of prudence and great learning. He died at Rome, March 14, 1509. He ))ublished several works, as Commeniaria super quarto Decretalinm : — De Appellationibiis : — De Usihus Feudorum: — Lecturce super Decretales. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Sangra, in HindA raythologj', was a daughter of AYiswakarma and wife of the Sini-god, who caused his long and shining hair to be clipped from his head in order that Sangra, who could not endure their brilliant light, might remain with him.
Sangrid, in Norse mythology, was one of the Wal- kures, or messengers of Odin, who elect the warriors to be slain in battle.
Sdnhedrim (Hebraized [see Buxtorf, Lex. Chal.- Talm. s. v.] Sunhedrin, "p'llilDD, from the Greek Syn- edrium, ffvviSpiov, as in the New Test. [Matt, v, 22; xxvi, 59; Mark xiv, 55; xv, 1; Luke xxii, 66; John xi. 47 ; Acts iv, 15; v, 21, 27, 34; vi, 12, 15; xxii, 30; xxiii, 1, 6, 15, 20, 28 ; xxiv, 20], and Josephus [Life, xii; Ant. xiv, 9, 3 j ; apocopated "'"'inJO, plural ri^^injO), the supreme council of the Jewish nation in and before the time of Christ. In the jMishna it is also styled •p^ r^a, Beth-Din, "hinise of judgment;" and in the Apocrj'pha and New Test, the appellations jipovaia, senate, and Trpfajivripiov, presbjilerg, seem also to be applied to it (comp. 2 Mace, i, 10; Acts v, 21; xxii, 5; 1 Mace, vii, 33; xii, 35, etc.). As there were two kinds of Synedria, viz. the supreme or metropolitan Sanhe- drim, called ilbna ■|"'"!iri3D, the Great Sanhedrim (Mishna, Sanhedrin, i, 5), and provincial councils called njbp "p-.-inSD, ^/i*- Small Sanhedrim (i"6i</.)— differing
in constitution and jurisdiction from each other we
.shall descril)e their respective organizations and fiuic- tions separately, and close with an account of their history (basing our statements chiefly on Ginsburg's article in Kitto's Cyclopcedia).
I. The Great Sanhedrim, or Supreme Council. — 1. Number of Members and their Classification. — The Great Sanhedrim, or the supreme court of justice (r^2 binsn "■''n) as it is called (Mishna, llorajoth, i, 5 ; San- hedrin, xi, 4). or Kar iKox>P', T'H ^"ri' ''"' '■'""' fffiK- tice, the judgment-haU, because it was the highest eccle- siastical and civil tribunal, consisted of seventy-one
members (^lishna, .S'an^ec?/;/?, ii,4; Shebuoth,n,2). This is the nearly unanimous opinion of the Jews as given in the Mishna {Sanhedrin, i, 6): "The Great San- hedrim consisted of seventy-one judges. How is this proved? From Numb, xi, 16, where it is said, ' Gather unto me seventy men of the elders of Israel.' To these add Moses, and we have seventj'-one. Nevertheless, R. Judah says there were seventy." The same differ- ence made by the addition or exclusion of IMoses ap- pears in the works of Christian writers, which accounts for the variation in the books between seventy and seventy-one. Baronius, however (Ad Ann. 31, § 10), and many ot'ner Roman Catholic writers, together with not a few I'rotestants, as Drusius, Grotius, Prideaux, Jahn, Bretschneider, etc., hold that the true number was seventy-two, on the ground that Eldad and !Medad, on whom it is expressly said the Spirit rested (Numb, xi, 26), remained in the camp, and should be added to the seventy (see Hartmann, Verbindung des A . T. p. 182 ; Selden, De Sgnedr. lib. ii, cap. iv.).
These members represented three classes of the na- tion, viz. (a) The priests, who were represented by their chiefs, called in the Bible the chief priests C'CXT
were most probably four-and-twenty (1 Chron. xxiv, 4, 6; with Matt, xxvii, 1; John vii, 32; xi, 47; xii, 10). (i) The elders, CSj^T = 7rp£(T/3i'r£poi (Matt, xvi, 21; xxi, 23; xxvi, 3, 47,' 57, 59; xxvii, 1, 3, 12, 20, 41; xxviii, 12; Mark viii, 31; xi, 27; xiv, 43, 53; Luke ix, 22 ; XX, 1 ; xxii, 52 ; John viii, 9 ; Acts iv, 5, 23 ; vi, 12; xxiii, 14; xxv, 15); also called the elders of the people {dpxovTtQ tov Xaoi', Acts iv, 8. with ver. 5), be- cause they were the heads of the families and tribes of the people, for which reason TrpEfffivrepoi and ap^orreQ are also synecdochicalh'' used for /3o(A»'/ and nvvk^piov (Luke xxiii, 13; xxiv, 20; Acts iii, 17, etc.); these elders, who most probably were also twenty-four in number (Rev. iv, 4), were the representatives of the laity, or the people generally, (c) The scribes (q. v.) or lawyers (Q^^SID = jpa^iiaTtXQ), who, as the inter- preters of the law in ecclesiastical and civil matters, represented that particular portion of the community which consisted of the literary laity, and most probably were twenty-two in number. As the chief priests, el- ders, and scribes constituted the supreme court, these three classes are frequently employed in the New Test, as a periphrasis for the word Sanhedrim (Matt, xxvi, 3, 57, 59; xxvii, 41 ; Mark viii, 31; xi, 27; xiv, 43, 53; XV, 1; Luke ix, 22; xx, 1 ; xxii, 66; Acts v, 21 ; vi, 12; xxii, 30; xxv, 15); while John, who does not at all mention the Sadducees, uses the term Pharisees to denote the Sanhedrim (i, 24; iv, 1; viii, 3; xi, 46, etc.).