Schade, Georg, a Danish jurist in Altona, after- wards in Kiel, was born in 1711. He was the author of a deistical work, iJie unwandelbare imd eicif/e Reli- gion der dltesten Naturforscher, etc. (Leips. 1760), in which he attempts an absolute demonstration of the chief doctrines of faith and practice, independently of all revelation. He even constructs a complete theory of the resurrection of the body and of the future life. Soon after this book appeared, a pretended refutation of it was published at Altona bj' a so-named professor R. Goisee, with the evident design of simply calling attention to the first work. The magistracy of Hamburg honored Schade's book with a public burning, and the king of Denmark deposed him from his office and banished him. It was only on the accession of Christian VII (1766) that he was recalled and restored to office. Thence- forth he devoted himself exclusively to his judicial du- ties, until his death in 1795. See Herzog, Real-Ency- klop. XX, 686-688, (J, P. L,)
Schade, Johann Caspar, an eminent pietist, ■was born in 1666. He studied at Leipsic (1685-89), came into intimacy with Francke, and shared in the re- ligious awakening of which Francke was subsequently a leader. In 1690 Schade was called to the Church of St. Nicolas, in Berlin, Spener had just previously be- gun his fruitful ministry in this church. The two other colleagues were also pietistically- minded. Here now began for Schade a very laborious and fruitful ministry. His zeal was sera()hic, his temperament ascetic. He abstained from marriage that he might be more wholly devoted to Christ. Soon there arose ditferences l)etween him and Spener. Schade knew no moderation in the pursuit of what he regariled as duty. He raised his voice against the abuses of private confession, and Spener refuted him. After much agitation, a govern- mental decision of 1698 removed the exaction of private confession and absolution, and permitled a merely gen- eral public confession in its place. But Schade did not live to enjoy this release from wliat liad been to him an oppressive duty. He died iu July of the same year.
See Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, 1860, No, 489 sq. ; Her- zog, Rval-Encyklop. (J, P. L.)
Schadow, Friedkich Wilhelm von, a German painter, was born at Berlin, Sept. 6, 1789. His early studies in art were directed by his father, but in 1806 he abandoned them for the military service, in which he remained for four years. In Rome he afterwards studied under Cornelius and Overbeck, became a convert to Ca- tholicism, and assisted his masters in the decoration of several villas and churches. In 1819 he became a mem- ber of the Academy of Fine Arts at Berlin, and in 1827 he was made director of the Academy at DUsseldorf. Here his peculiar religious views and mystical tenden- cies led to a break with his pupils, and his school was divided, the seceding party being led by Lessing, Schadow was made a nobleman in 1843. He published a pamphlet entitled Sur l' Influence du Christianisme sur les Arts (Dlisseldorf, 1842): — and Der Moderne Vasuri (Berlin, 1854), He died in 1862, Of his paintings in Rome, the most remarkable are A Holy Family, The Virgin Mary, and The Union of Poetry and Sculpture. In Berlin is his F'our Evangelists, and at Frankfort The Wise Virgins and The Foolish Virgins. See Uechtriz, Blicke in das DUsseldoifer Kiinstlerlehen ; PUtmann, Die Diisseldorfer Malerschule. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gene- rale, s. V.
Schall, JonANN Adam von, a Jesuit missionary to China, was born at Cologne in 1591. He entered the Jes- uit order in 1611, and was selected, partly because of his knowledge of mathematics and astronomy, to form one of the mission to China in 1620. He not only formed a successful mission, but, on account of his learning, was invited to the imperial court at Pekin. Through his influence with the emperor, he obtained an edict author- izing the building of Catholic churches and liberty of preaching throughout the empire. In the space of four- teen years the Jesuit missionaries are said to have re- ceived 100,000 proselytes. Upon the death of the em- peror the edict was revoked. Schall was thrown into prison and sentenced to death, was released, again im- prisoned, and died Aug. 15, 1669. A large MS. collec- tion of his remains in Chinese, amounting to fourteen volumes in 4to, is preserved in the Vatican Library. See Hoefer, Noitv. Biog. Generate, s. v.
Schalling, Martin, a Lutheran divine, was born at Strasburg, April 21, 1532, He studied at Wittemberg, and was pastor at Regensburg, Vilseck (in Upper Pala- tine), and Amberg, In the latter place he was deposed because he would not subscribe to the Formula Concor- dia'. He died at Nuremberg, being pastor of St, Mary's, Dec. 29, 1608, He was a pious man, of whose hymn, Herzlich lieV haV ich dick, 0 Herr (Eng. transl. in SchafTs Christ in Song, p. 609, "O Lord! I love thee from my heart"), Gellert said that it was " worth more than many volumes of new hymns, which have no other merit than that of a smoother language." The hymn which we have mentioned, and which is based on Psa. xviii and Ixxiii, was a favorite of Spener, Gellert, the duchess of Orleans (daughter of Louis Philippe), and others. See Koch, Gesch. des deutschen Kirchenliedes, ii, 282 sq. ; viii, 265; Knai)p, Evangel. Liederschatz, p. 1342, s. v.; Rit- telmeyer, Die erangelischen Kirchenliederdichter des El- sasses (Jena, 1856), p. 52 sq. (B. P.)