_ In the field of ethics the influence of Schleiermacher was oidj'less than in that of dogmatics; but he was not privileged to bring his thoughts to satisfactory comple- tion and consistency. He began with a revolutionary and unhistorical criticism of previous systems in his Kritik idler biiherirjen Sittenlehren in 1803. His per- sonal views he began to elaborate in a series of essays in 1819. The substance of his lectures on ethics was edited by Schweizer {Entwurf der tiittenk'hre') in 1835, also more briefly by Twesten ( (Iriindriss der philoso- phiischen Ethik) in 1841. His positively Cliristian eth- ics {Die christliche Sitte^ was edited by .Jonas in 1843. From these varied presentations it is difHcult, if not im- possible, to derive a single consistent view. The classi- fication is artificial and unsatisfactory (see a severe criti- cism upon it inWuttke's Chris/inn Ethics [Fngl. transl.], i, 3CI-371). The fruitfulness of Schleiermacher in this lield was rather in furnishing impulses to other authors than as the creator of a finished system.
Next in importance stand his works on pedagogics {Erzithuiifjslehre), edited by C. Platz in 1849, and his
Practical Theology {Praktische Theolofjie), edited by Fre- richs. Of less worth are his lectures on Church history {Kirchengeschickte^, edited by Bonnel in 1840. For the liglit thrown upon his inner religious life, none of Schlei- ermacher's writings are more interesting than his ser- mons. There are thus far published ten volumes. Of these four were revised by the author, and six have been prepared by others, mostly by Dr. Sydow. These ser- mons are from every period of his life, and of everj' class. The larger number, however, are not textual of exegetical, but synthetic, the regular development of a theme. In contents they stand midway between the instructive and the hortatory. The great preacher placed himself on the same level as his audience, and, while enriching their conception of Christianity, en- deavored to inspire them to a fuller realization of it in their lives. The uniform central point of his utterance was Christ, the Redeemer. Dr. Schalf (see CYeeds of Christendom, i, 880) ascribes this intense love of Christ in Schleiermacher to his early Moravian education. He says, "It is a remarkable fact that the great (ierman theologian Schleiermacher was cradled in the Moravian community, and conceived there his love for Christian union and personal devotion to Christ, which guided him through the labyrinth of speculation and scepti- cism, and triumphed on his death-bed. He shook al- most every dogma of orthodoxy, and was willing, if necessary, to sacrifice all if he could only retain a per- fect and sinless Saviour." He is inexhaustible in the variety and novelty of ways in which he impresses this vital point. This singleness of aim, however, does not imply monotony, but is consistent with very wide va- riety of matter. There is scarcely a single point in the circle of Christian doctrine which is not the theme of some of these sermons ; hence they are often react from a merely dogmatic interest. They will long be es- teemed among the richest fruits of the German pulpit.
Among the latest volumes edited from Schleier- macher's remains are his lectures on psychology (Psy- choloyie), by George (18G4) and his Life of Jesus {Le- ben Jesu), by Riitenik (18G4). His correspondence with J. C. Gass was edited by W. Gass in 1852, and that with other friends appeared under the title A us Schleier- macher's Lebeii (1858-62, 4 vols.). A brief autobiogra- phy, reaching only to 1794, was issued in Niedner's Zeit- schrift in 1851.
For sources for Schleiermacher's life (besides his own writings and letters ), see G. Bauer, Karakteristik, in Stud. u. K}it.lSb9\ Auherlen, Ein Karcikterbild {Basle, 1859); Kosack, Jugendleben (Elberf. 18(jl); K. Schwarz (Gotha, 1861); E. Maier (1863); Baxmann (Bonn, 1864); Dilthey (1867); Schenkel (1868). On his doc- trines, see Braniss, Ueber Schleiermacher's Glatibenslehre (Berl. 1822); F. Delbriick, Erorteriingen (Bonn, 1827); C. Baur, Primee Rationulisini et Su])ranutiirulismi JJis- (orice Capita Potiora (1827); Baumgarten-Crusius, Schleiermacher's f/eiikart u. Verdienst (1834) ; Llicke, E2rinnervrigen, in Stud. u. Krit. 1834; H. Schmid, Ueber Schleiermacher's Glaubenslehre (Leips. 1835); Rosen- kranz, Kritik (1836); Baur, Die christliche Gnosis (Tii- bingen, 1835) ; Weissenborn, Darstellung u. Kritik der Glaubenslehre (1849); ^chaWtr, Vorlesungen iiber Schlei- ermacher (Halle, 1844). On his ethics, see Twesten's preface to his edition of Schleiermacher's /'//(Y. Ethik; Vorliinder, Schleiermacher s Sittenlehre (1851) ; Herzog, in Stud. u. Krit, 1848; Renter, in Stud. u. Krit. 1844. On his sermons, see Stud. ti. Krit. 1831, 1848. See also Schiirer, Religiousbegi-iff (Leips. 1848); P. Schmidt, Spinoza v. Schleiermacher (Berl. 1868); also Ojiuscules, bv Carl Beck (Reutlingen, 1869); F. Zachler (Breslau, 1869); \V. Bender (Worms, 1868); P. Leo (.Jena, 1868) ; Hossbacli (Berl. 1868) ; also article in Christ. Exam. vol. liii; Westm. Rev. July, 1861; iMeth. Quar. Rev. A^prW, 1869; Jji-it. and For. Evang. Rev. April, 1862; July, 1866; Oct. 187(i; Awce/on /?er. April, 1866 ; Uuiversal- isf Rev. April, 1869; .Mercersb. Rev. April, 1871; Presb. Quar. Rev. Oct. 1868. (J. P. L.)
SCHLEUSNER
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SCHMID
Schleusner, John Fhederic, D.D.. professor of the- ology in Wittenberg, was born in Leipsic Jan. 16, 175(5, ami studied theology and philology in the university of that city. He was appointed professor of theology in Gottingen in 1784, and in 1795 professor of theology and provost of the college church in Wittenberg. He devoted himself principally to the lexicography of the Greek Scriptures. After the removal of the University of Wittenberg, he was associate director of the theo- logical semLiiary. He died Feb. 21, 1831. Among his principal works are, Lexicon Grceco-Lat. in Novum Tcs- lamentum (Leips. 1792 ; last ed. 1819, 2 vols.) : — Thesau- rus, sive Lexicon in LXX (Leips. 1821, 5 vols.), reprinted in Glasgow (2 vols.) and London (3 vols.). The lexicon on the New Test, has been superseded by later works, but that on the Sept. has yet found no substitute.