Shaft appears in a few passages of the A. V. in two senses as the rendering of (</) vn, chets (Isa. xlix, 2), an «>-?-o?<; (as often elsewhere) ; ib) fp^, »/o'eA-, proper- ly a thigh (as often) ; hence the shank of the golden candelabrum in the Tabernacle, where the stem (i^3p) separated into the three feet (Exod. xxv, 31; xxxvii; 17; Numb, viii, 4). See Caxijlestick.
SHAFT, the body of a column or pillar; the part be- tween the capital and base. In IMiddle-Age architect- ure the term is particularly applied to the small columns which are clustered round pillars, or used in the jambs of doors and windows, in arcades, and various other sit- uations. They are sometimes cut on the same stones as the main body of the work to which they are attached, and sometimes of separate pieces. In the latter case they are very commonly of a different material from the rest of the work, and are not unfrequently polished : this mode of construction appears to have been first in- troduced towards the end of the Norman style. In Early Norman work they are circular, but later in the style they are occasionally octagonal, and are sometimes or- namented with zigzags, spiral mouldings, etc. In the
SHAFTESBURY
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Early English style they are al- most always circular, generally in separate stones from the oth- er work to which they are at- tached, and very often banded ; ill some instances they have a narrow tillet running up them. In the Decorated style they are commonly not set se])arate, and are frecjuently so small as to be no more than vertical mouldings with capitals and bases ; they are usually round and filleted, but are sometimes of other forms. In the Perpendicular style they are cut on the same stones with the rest of the worii. They are most generally round, and are some- times tilleted; in some cases they are polygonal, with each side slightly hollowed. The part of a chimney-stack between the base and cornice is called the sliaft. — Parker, Gloss, of Archi- tect, s. V.
Shaftesbury, Anthony
Ashley Coopeu, the third earl of, was born in London, Feb. 26, 1071. He was educated under the supervision of Locke, entered S-alii^biiry Cathedral, Parliament in 1693, from which ^ir. 1-250.
he withdrew on account of delicate health, and took up his residence in Holland in 1698 or 1699. He entered the House of Lords in 1700, supporting the meas- nres of William HI, and retiring upon the king's death. He was noted as a philanthropist, was stigmatized as a freethinker, and wrote a Letter on Enthusiasm (1708) in defence of the rights of the French Prophets: — The Moralist (1709), a philosophical rhapsody: — Se7i.nis Communis (1710) : — A Soliloquy, or A dvice to nn A uthor (1710). Hedied at Naples, Feb. 15, 1713. His principal work. Characteristics of Men, Matters, Opinions, and Times, was posthumously published (1713-23, 3 vols.).
Sha'ge (Heb. Shage', N2"^, erring; Sept. Say/; v. r. 2oA«), a " ILararite." appears as the father of Jonathan, one of David's cajitaius (1 Chron. xi, 34). B.C. cir. 1050. In the parallel list of 2 Sam. xxiii, 33, he is called Shammah (tj. v.), unless, as seems probable, there is a confusion between Jonathan the son of " Shage the Hararite," Jonathan the son of Shammah, David's broth- er, and '•Shammah the son of Agee the Hararite."
Shahar. See Aijeleth-shahar.
Shahara'im (Heb. Shuchara'yim, t3;'nnd, double dmrn, i. e. the morning and evening twilight; Sept. Eaapijfi V. r. "Eaapiv and SaapijX ; Vulg. Saharaim), a person named among the descendants of Benjamin as the father of several children in the laud of Moab by two wives (1 Chron. viii, 8), B.C. ante 1612. Considerable confusion appears to have crept into the text where this name occurs (ver. 3-11), which may perhaps be removed by transposition of the middle clause of ver. 8 and the whole of ver. 6 after ver. 7, and rendering as follows : " And there were sons (born) to Bola, Addar, and Gera, and Abihud, and Abishua, and Naaman, and Achoach [or Achiah], and (Jera [rejieated by error], and Shcphiiphan [spuriously inserted], and Hiiram [spuriously inserted likewise from the sons of Becher]; and (their father) himself banished Naaman, and Achiah [or Achoach], and Gera; and after his dismissal of them, he begot Uzza and Achichud. And these are the descendants of Echud [i. e. Achiah, otherwise Acharah], chiefs of the progeni- tors of the inhabitants of Geba (afterwards) exiled to Manachath : Shacharayim begot (children) in the land of Jloab of his two wives llushim and Baara (or Cho- deshj — namelv, of the latter. Yobali, and Tsibva, and
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Meysha, and IMalkam, and Yeuts, and Sholjya [v. r. Shokyali], and JMirmah, chieftains of their lineage; and of the other, Abitub and Elpaal." See Jacob.
Shahaz'imah [sovae^ Shahazi'mah'\ (Heb. iSAa- rhutsi'muh, T\'0'^'J,T\':^ [so the marg., but the text has Shachatzu'mah, tl^l^llind], toicards the heights [for the word is plur. with the H local added]; Sejit. 'S.aXt'ijx Kara SrdXaaaav [taking the last syllable for riH^, to the sea I, v. r. Snai/id ; Vulg. Seesimii), a place in the tribe of Issachar, between Mount Tabor and the Jordan (Josh, xix, 22). A trace of the name may yet remain in the village of A'»ri«, north of Wady Slierar, near where it joins Wady Bireh, south-east of Tabor.