Har-p-sen from the Serapeum, which, if correct, decides the question {XKII dyypt. Koniijsdyn. p. 267-2C9). In this, Sheshenk I is the son of a chief Namuret, whose an- cestors, excepting his mother, who is called "royal tnoth- er," not, as Lepsius gives it, "royal daughter" {Etude, etc., p. 203, note 2), are all untitled persons, and all but the princess bear foreign, apparently Shemitic, names. But, as IM. de Rouge observes, this genealogy cannot be conclusively made out from the tablet, though we think it more probable than he does (ibid. p. 203, and note 2).
Sheshenk I, on his accession, must have found the state weakened by internal strife and deprived of much of its foreign influence. In the time of the later kings of the Rameses family, two, if not three, sovereigns had a real or titular authority; but before the accession of Sheshenk it is probable that their lines had been united; certainly towards the close of the twenty-first dynasty a Pharaoh was powerful enough to lead an expedition into Palestine and capture Gezer (1 Kings ix, IG). She- shenk took as the title of his standard " He who attains royalty by uniting the two regions [of Egypt]" (De Rouge, Etude, etc., p. 204 ; Lepsius, Kunigsbuch, xliv, 567 A, a). He himself probably married the heiress of the Rameses family, while his son and successor, Usarken, appears to have taken to wife the daughter, and perhaps heiress, of the Tanitic twenty-first dynasty. Probably it was not until late in his reign that he was able to carry on the foreign wars of the earlier king who capt- ured Gezer. It is observable that we trace a change of dynasty in the policy that induced Sheshenk, at the beginning of his reign, to receive the fugitive Jeroboam (1 Kings xi,40). Although it was probably a constant practice for the kings of Egypt to show hospitality to fugitives of importance, Jeroboam would scarcely have been included in their class. Probably, it is expressly related that he fled to Shishak because he was well re- ceived as an enemy of Solomon. We do not venture to lay any stress upon the Sept. additional portion of 1 Kings xii,as the narrative there given seems irreconcilable with that of the previous chapter, which agrees with the Masoretic text. In the latter chapter Hadad (Sept. Ader) the Edomite flees from the slaughter of his peo- ple by Joab and David, to Egypt, and marries the elder sister of Tahpenes (Sept. Thekemina), Pharaoh's queen, returning to Idumiea after the death of David and Joab, In the additional portion of the former chapter, Jero- boam—already said to have fled to Shishak (Sept. Su- sakim) — is married, after Solomon's death, to Ano, elder sister of Thekemina the queen. Between Hadad's re- turn and Solomon's death, j^robably more than thirty years elapseil, certainly twenty. IJesides, how are we "to account for the two elder sisters? Moreover, Shi- shak's queen, his only or principal wife, is called Karaii- ma, which is remote*from Tahpenes or Thekemina. See Tahpenes.
The king of Egypt does not seem to have commenced hostilities during the powerful reign of Solomon. It was not until the division of the tribes that, probably at the instigation of Jeroboam, he attacked Rehoboam. The following particulars of this war are related in the Bible: "In the fifth year of king Rehoboam, Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, because they had transgressed against the Lord, with twelve hundred chariots and threescore thousand horsemen; ami the people [were] without number that came with him out of Egypt, the Lubim, the Sukkiim, and the Cushim. And he took the fenced cities whicii [pertained] to Ju- dah, and came to Jerusalem" (2 Chron. xii, 2-4). Shi- shak did not pillage Jerusalem, but exacted all the treas- ures of his city from Rehoboam, and apparently made him tributary ("ver. 5, 9-12, especially 8). The narrative in Kings mentions only the invasion and the exaction (1 Kings xiv, 25, 26). The strong cities of Rehoboam are thus enumerated in an earlier passage— "And Rehobo- am dwelt in .Jerusalem, and built cities for defence in Judah. He built even Beth-lehem, and Etam, and Te- koa, and Beth-zur, and Shoco, and AduUam, and Gath,
SHISHAK
704
SHISHAK
Profile of Sliishak. (Fnun I lie outer wall of the Great Temple at Kainak.)
and Mareshah, and Zipli, and Adoraira, and Lachish, and Azekah, and Zorah, and Aijalon, and Hebron, which [are] in Judah and iu Benjamin fenced cities" (2 Ohron. xi, 5-10).
Shisliak has left a record of this expedition sculptnred on the wall of the Great Temple of Karnak. It is a list of the countries, cities, and tribes conquered or ruled by him, or tributary to him. In this list Champollion rec- ognised a name which he translated " the kingdom of Judah," and was thus led to trace the names of certain cities of Palestine. It is well to observe that this figure has not, as some have hastily conceived, been alleged to represent the king, but to personify the kingdom of Ju- dah (Champollion, Systeme Uieroglifph. p. 205 ; Kosellini, Monumenti Slorici, i, 85; Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt, i, 37 ; Cory, Chronological Inquiry, p. 5). See Kkhoboam. The list of Shishak in the original hieroglyphics is pub- lished by Roselliiii, Monumenti Reali, No. cxlviii ; Lep- sius, Denkmaler, Abth. iii, Bl. 252; and Brugsch, G^ogr. Inschr. ii, Taf. xxiv; commented upon by the latter (ibid. p. 56 sq.) and Dr. Blau {Zeitschr. d. deutsch. mor- (/enland. desellsch. xv, 233 si).). There are several sim- ilar geographical lists, dating for the most part during the period of the empire, but they differ from this in presenting few, if any, repetitions, and only one of them contains names certainly the same as some in the pres- ent. They are lists of countries, cities, and tribes form- ing the Egyptian empire, and so far records of con- quest that any cities previously taken by the Pharaoh to whose reign they belong are mentioned. Tlie list, which contains some of the names in Shesheidv's, is of Tlioth- mes III, sixth sovereign of the eighteenth dynasty, and comprises many names of cities of Palestine, mainly in