the outskirts of the Israelitish territory. It is impor- tant, in reference to this list, to state that Thothmes III, in his twenty-third year, had fought a battle with confederate nations near Megiddo, whose territories the list enumerates. The narrative of the expedition fully establishes the identity of this and other towns in the list of Shishak. It is given in the document known as the "Statistical Tablet of El-Karnak" (Birch, "Annals of Thothmes l\\" Archceologia [1853] ; De Rouge, i?er. Arch. N. S. xi, 3-17 sq. ; Brug.sch, Geogr. Inschr. ii. 32 sq.). The only general result of the comparison of the two lists is that in the later one the Egyptian article is in two cases prefixed to foreign names, Nekbu of the list of Thothmes III being the same as Penakbu of the list of Shishak, and Aiiineku of the former being the same as Peaiikma of the latter. It will be perceived that the list contains three classes of names mainly grouped together — (1) Levitical and Canaanitish cities of Israel ; (2) cities of Judah ; and (3) Arab tribes to the south of Palestine. The occurrence together of Levit- ical cities was observed by Dr, Brugsch, It is evident that Jeroboam was not at once firmly established, and that the Levites especially held to i;eh<iboam. There- fore it ma}' have been the policy of Jeroboam to emplc^ Shishak to capture their cities. Other cities in his ter- ritory were perhaps still garrisoned by Kehoboam's forces or held by the Canaanites, who may have some- what recovered their independence at this period. The small number of cities identified in the actual territory of Kehoboam is explained by the erasure of fourteen names of the part of the list where they occur. The identification of some names of Arab tribes is of great interest and historical value, though it is to be feared that further progress can scarcely be made in their part of the list.
The Pharaohs of the empire passed through northern Palestine to push their conquests to the Euphrates and Mesopotamia, Shishak, probabh' unable to attack the Assyrians, attempted the subjugation of Palestine and the tracts of Arabia which border Egypt, knowing that the Arabs would interpose an effectual resistance to any invader of Egypt, He seems to have succeeded in con- solidating his power in Arabia, and we accordingly find Zerah in alliance with the people of Gerar, if we may infer this from their sharing his overthrow,
III, Chronology. — The reign of Shishak offers the first determined synchronisms of Egyptian and Heljrew his- tory. Its chronolog}' must therefore be examined. We first give a table with the Egyptian and Hebrew data for the chronology of the dynasty, continued as far as the time of Zerah, who was prt>bably a successor of Shishak, in order to avoid repetition in treating of the latter. See Zkkah,
Respecting the Egyptian columns of this table, it is only necessary to observe that, as a date of the tweuty-
TABLE OP THE FIRST SIX REIGNS OF DYNASTY XXII,
Er.vpTiAN Data.
Hkbrew IIata. 1
Manftho.
Monuments.
Kings.
Events.
Africnniis.
Yrs.
l.Sesonchis, 21 2, Osorthou,, 15
Eusebius.
Yro.
1, Sesonchosis, 21
2, OsorthOu,,.. 15
Order.
1, Shf.suknk [i]
2. USARKEN [l]
Hiehest Year.
XXI
Solomon,
.Tu.lah. Vrs.
1, Relioboam IT
2. Abijah .... 3
40 Years,
Israel. Yrs.
1. Jeroboam. 22
Jeroboam flees to Shishak.
Shishak 20 (?) in- vades Judah, Kehoboam, 5,
1 Three others
\ 25 to 29? 5.J
3, Tekerot [i]
4, Ubarken [ti]
5, SUESUENK Li>]
XXIII
3, Asa 41
2. Nadab .... 2 n. Baasha,... 24
4.Ehih 2
6, Zimri
6, Omri 12
C.T;ikelothi». n
Tftkeir.thiB.. l.s' «. Tfkkuut [ii]
XIV
SHITRAI
705
SHITTAH
third year of Usarken II occurs on the monuments, it is reasonable to suppose that the sum of the third, fourth, and fifth reigns should be twenty-nine years instead of twenty-tive, K9 being easily changed to KE (Lepsius, Kijni<ii<huch, p. 85). We follow Lepsius's arrangement, our Tekerut I, for instance, being the same as his.
The synchronism of Shishak and Solomon and that of Shishak and Rehoboam may be nearly fixed, as shown in the article Chronology. Lepsius, however, states that it is of the twenty-first j'ear, correcting ChampoUi- on, who had been followed by Bunsen and others (A' A'// dgypt. Kunigsdyn. p. 272, note 1"). It must therefore be supposed that the invasion of .Judah took place in the twentieth, and not in the twenty-first, year of Shishak. The first year of Shishak would thus about correspond to the twenty-sixth of Solomon, and the twentieth to the fifth of Kehoboam.
The synchronism of Zerah and Asa is more difficult to determine. It seems, from the narrative in Chron- icles, that the battle between Asa and Zerah took place early in the reign of the king of .Judah. It is mentioned before an event of the fifteenth year of his reign, and af- terwards we read that "there was no [more] war unto the five and thirtieth year of the reign of Asa" (2 Chron. XV, 19). This is immediately followed by the account of Baasha's coming up against .Judah " in the six and thirtieth year of the reign of Asa" (xvi, 1). The latter two dates may perhaps be reckoned froin the division of the kingdom, unless we can read the fifteenth and sixteenth, for Baasha began to reign in the third year of Asa, and died after a reign of twenty-four years, and was succeeded by Elah, in the twenty-sixth year of Asa. It seems, therefore, most probable that the war with Zerah took place early in Asa's reign, before his fifteenth year, and thus also early in the reign of Usar- ken II. The probable identification of Zerah is consid- ered under that name. See Egypt.