Spada, Giambattista, brother of Bernardino, born at Lucca, Aug. 27, 1597, likewise became an eccle- siastic, and was made governor of Rome in 1635, presi- dent of the Romagna in 1644, cardinal in 1652, and bishop of Rimini and Palestrina. He died in Rome, Jan. 23, 1675.
Spada, Orazio Filippo, brother of Fabrizio, he- came bishop of Osimo and papal nuncio to Poland, and was made cardinal in 1706. He died Jinie 24, 1724.
Spafford, William M., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was admitted into the North Ohio Conference on trial in 1841. He labored efl'ectively un- til 1865, when he took a supernumerary relation. In 1868 he became superannuated, and so continued until his death, in EflSngham County, 111., in 1876. Mr. Spaff'ord was a man of brilliant intellect, but of peculiar sensitiveness. See Minutes of Annual Conferences, 1876, p. 111.
Spahr, William E., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Greene County, 0., Aug. 1, 1843, and united with the Church at fourteen years of age. He received a license to preach in 1861, and in the fall of 1863 entered the Cincinnati Conference. He was ordained deacon in 1865, but consumption had seized upon him, and he died Nov. 30. He was hum- ble, modest, teachable, and kind. See Minutes of An- nual Conferences, 1866, p. 150.
Spain (STTrti'irt, Rom. xv, 24, 28; Icnravia. 1 Mace, viii, 3; Vulg. Hispania). This name was anciently ap- plied to the whole peninsula which now comprises Spain and Portugal (Cellar. Notit. i, 51 sq.). The early his- tory of Spain is envcloi)ed in great obscurity. The natives were called Iberians, the country Iberia, and one of the chief rivers the Iberus ( the Ebro ) ; and William von Hundioldt has shown that the Iberian language was the same in every part of the country, and that it exists with certain modifications in the modern Bascpic. The Carthaginians, during the flour- ishing times of their rep\iblie, established many settle- ments up(ui the Spanish coast, such as Carthago (now Cartagena), and Malacca, the royal city (now Malaga). Gades (now Cadiz) was a Phoenician settlement, prob- ably coeval with Carthage itself, was never subject to Carthaginian rule, and during the Punic war embraced the side of the Romans. Under the management of Hamilcar Barcas and Hannibal, a considerable part of Spain became a Carthaginian colony. It gradually passed under the power of the Romans, and in the apos- tolic period formed no inconsi<lerable portion of the Roman empire. See Smith, Diet, of Geog. s. v. " His- pania."
The Hebrews were acquainted with the position and the mineral wealth of Spain from the time of Solomon,
SPAIN
900
SPAIN
whose nlliance with the rhwiiiciaiis enlarjred the circle ol'tlicir m-iii,'ra|)liii'al knowit-iliit' to a very jireat exii-iit. See Tahsiiish. 'I'lie loeal ile.siiination, Tarsliish, repre- seiitiii^ the 'J'lirti'SKiis of the (ireeks. pmhaljly prevailed until the fame of the Koinaii wars in that country reacheil the East, when it was superseded by its clas- sical name, which is traced hack by Ilochart to the Slieinitic /.*(//)/(«//," rabbit," and by Humboldt to the l{a.s<{ue A':/«»/}(i, descriptive of its position on the e</f/e of the continent of Kurope. 'J'he Latin form of this name is rcprest-nied by the above passajjes wbicli con- tain all the Hiblical notices of .Spain : in the former the coiniuests of the Romans are described in somewhat c.xai;Kerate<l terms; for thouj^h the Carthaginians were ex|K'lled as early as H.C. 20(>, the native tribes were not finally subdued until 15.C. "io, and not until then could it be said with truth that "they had conepiered ail the place" (1 Mace. viii. 4). It seems clear from Kom. xv, 24. '2X. tliat I'aul formed the desii^n of proceeding to preach the (^Jospel in S|iain. That he ever executed this intention is necessarily denied by those who hold that the apostle sustained but one imprisonment at Rome — namely, that in which the Acts of the Apostles leave him ; aii<l even those who hold that he was re- leased from this imprisonment can only conjecture that in the interval between it and the second he fulfilled liis intention. There is, in fact, during tlie three lirst centuries no evidence on the subject beyond a vague intimation by Clement, which is open to different ex- ]ilanations; and later traditions are of small value. See I'.vii- 'I'he mere intention, however, implies two inter- esting facts, viz. the establishment of a Christian com- munity in tiiat coinitry, and this by means of Helle- nistic .lews resident there. We have no direct testi- mony to either of these facts; but as the Jews had hpread along tlie shores of the Mediterranean as far as Cyrene in Africa and Home in Europe (Acts ii, 10), there would be no dithcuity in assuming that they were als4) foiuid in the commercial cities of the eastern coast of .Spain. The early introduction of Christianity into that coinitry is attested by Irenanis (i, JJ) and Ter- tidlian (.l(/r. Jiid. 7). An inscription, purporting to re- cord a persecution of the Spanish Christians in the reign of Nero is probably a forgery ((Jieseler, Church JJiitl. i. x-2, note 5).
SI'AIN. In ancient times what is now the king- dom of .Spain was called llurin. Its Latin name was llij<l>iiiiiii, which, changed into Spanish, became Enpaud. With Portugal, it forms what is called tlie Pyrensean Peninsula, the whole constituting the most southerly and also the most westerly jiart of Europe. The aver- ago breadth of the whole peninsula is not far from 480 miles, and its length (lOd miles, with an area of nearly 220,'MM> Mpiare miles. The area of S]i:iin, which occu- pies by far the i;reater part of the Pyreuiean Peninsula, i« a little more than Ixi.tMKl .sipiare miles. It is bound- ed on the north by the Hay of lii.scay and the Pyre- nees, on the east by the Mediterranean .Sea, on the south by the Mediterranean, the Straits of (iibraltar, and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west, its south- westerly section by Portugal, and its north-westerly wctiou by the .Atlantic Ocean.