SPINSTER
940
SPIRE
1785); riiilipstni, /.</x-H li.von Spinoza rMannli. 1700); Wv'inv, Hti-.dts Ihtix Moiiilf,<, Nov. 1834; Jliirtiii, J>iii^. de I'hiL Ji. de Spiiiuza (^I'ar. 183G); Auerbacli, Spinoza, ein hist. Jtoniun (Stult-;. 1837) ; id. Spinoza, ein Denker- Leben (Mamih. 1855) ; Thomas, Spinoza <//»• Metaphysi- kur (K<)nif;>l>. 1840); Saiiiies, Uisl.de la Vie et des (Ku- vres de Sjdnoza (Par. 1843); Saisset, //t»7. dii Spino- zisme; Hvbler, Spinoza's Lrhre, etc. (Borne, 1850) ; Von Orelli, Spinoza's Leben und J.t/ire (.\araii, 185(1) ; Van Vloten, lianich ifJ^spinoza (.\mst. 1802); Saisset, Afai- vumiiU el Spinoza, in the Her. des Deux Mondes, 1862; Van iler Limle, Spinoza, sein Leben, etc. (Giittinu;. 18G2) ; l^hmann. .Spinoza, sein Leliensbild, etc. (Wlirzb. 1864); Fischer, 1-i. Spinoza's Leben und Charakter ( iMannh. 1865); Noiirrisson, Spinoza et le Xulura/isnie Curitem- jtorain (I'ar. 1866) ; Janet, Spinoza et le Spinozisme, in the Rev. lies Deux Mondes, 1867; ArnoUl, A Word More about Spinoza, in Macmillan's Ma;/. 1868 ; Hann, Die Klhik Spinoza's und die Philosopliie Des Cartes (Innsbr. 1876) ; Camerer, Die Lehre Spinoza's (ibid. 1877): Kotlischild [Kabbi J, ^7)t«o2rt (ibid. 1877); Gins- burg, Leben Spinoza's (Leips. 1876) ; Willis, B. de Spi- noza, his L'lhics, Life, and Corre.<tpondence (Lond. 1870); Kenan, Address at the Opening of Spinoza's Monument at the //ai/iie. Feb. 21, 1877, See the Contemporary Rev. March, 1877 ; Lond. Quar. Rev. 1877 ; Frohschammer, Die Hedeuluny der Kinbildunyskraft in der Philosophie Kant's und Spinoza's (1879) ; F'iirst, Bibl. Jud. iii, 358
5.1. i(i. r. II.)
Spinster, a term applied to an nnmarried woman in legal documents, and in banns or proclamations of marriage. Spinster, with the old termination, is the female of spinner, as songster is of singer, seamster or semster of scamer. King Alfred, in his will, calls the male side of his house the spear side, and the female the si)inille side. The terra is derived from the old oc- cupation of women.
Spire (spira), an acutely pointed termination given to lowers and turrets, forming the roof, and usually car- ried up to a great height. It is doubtful whether any very decideil approach towards a spire was made till a considerable time after the introduction of the Norman style: at tiiis period spires were sometimes adopted both on turrets aiul towers, and were generally made to Correspond with them in their plan. Thus the circular turrets at tlie east end of the Church of St. Feter, at Oxford, terminate in small circular s])ires ; an octago- nal turret at the west end of Kochester Cathedral has an octagonal spire; and the s(|uare towers of the churches of Than and St. Contct, anil several others near Caen, in Normandy, are surmounted with pyr- amids or sijuare s])ires. They were at tirst of very low proportions compared with later slruelures, and in truth were little more than iiyramidal roofs. The whole of the existing spec- imens of this date are of stone, and rise from the outer surface of the walls, BO as to have no )iarap(<t
1. 'run PI, St. F'ci.t's Ctnirch,
Oxr.ril, dr .\.l). Ilfio.
2. Turret, R-nlicHier Caihe- or gutter round tlu' base.
drill, cir. A I>, lllM) These pvramids become
8. riiiiincW', Hinliop'B (• ccve .„ i n . . ,
ChurrI,. CJloucesterHhire, Rradually more elongated dr. A I), lisd. as Ihey are later in date,
4. Thnn Church, near Cnen, and clearlv led the way to Norn.:„uly.clr.A.D.1080. the spire. " A<i the i'.arhj Kni/tiKh style arose, considerably great- er olevniion was (,'iven to spires, althoutrh Ibey were Still VI rv Iriiiiniiily less acute than thev afterwards be-
I imh
5. Almondsbnry Chnrch, Gloucestershire, cir. A.D. 1250.
6. Salisbury Catliedial, cir. A.D. 1^50.
7. St. Mary's Church, Cheltenliain, cir. A.D. 1300.
came, as at Ryhall, Rutland ; Barnack and Ringstead, Northamptonshire; and Christ Church Cathedral, Ox- ford. With the exception of a few rare examples, spires at this period were always octagonal; and when placed on square towers, the angles of the tower not covered by the base of the spire were occupied by pinnacles or by masses ot-masonry made to .slope back against the spire. At the bot- tom of each of the four cardinal sides was usually a large opening with the jambs built perpen- dicularly, so that the head stood out from the spire and was usuallj' finish- ed with a steep pediment. Abo\ e these, at some con- siderable distance, smaller openin^^s of a similar knid were generally in- troduced on the al- ternate sides; these openings are called spire -lights. The top of the spire ter- minated with a hn ial and a cros.' or vane. Spires m ere still usually made to rise from the e's. terior of the tower wallswithouta]! ir- apet,a mode ofcon- struction which is distiiii;'uishod in some districts by the term broach, the name of spii-e being conlined to such structures as have gutters and parapets round their bases. F^ine examples of spires of this date exist in Normandy, and at Bampton and Wit- ney. Oxfordshire, and various other places.
During the prevalence of the Decorated style spires were almost always very acute; they generally had par- apets and gutters round them, though the broach s]iires are by no nu-ans inicouimon at this date, as at Stamford and Crick, Northaniptonshirc. Decorated s|)ires did not ditler materially from l^arly F'nglish s])ires, except in the character of the details and the amount of enrich- ments, which now began to be introduced in profusion. Crockets were often carved on the angles, as at Cay- thorpe, and small bauds of iianelliiig or other ornamenta